原標(biao)題：【溯源甘肅(su)】

　　西漢移(yi)民實邊和設(she)置河西五郡

　　榆林(lin)石窟(ku)壁畫《農作圖》

　　武(wu)威磨嘴子漢墓出土的木牛拉犁

　　武威漢(han)簡《士相(xiang)見之(zhi)禮》

　　祁連風光 本版圖片均(jun)為資料圖

　　本報(bao)特約撰稿(gao)人(ren) 汪受寬

　　移民實邊(bian)和設(she)置河西五郡是(shi)西漢帝國為加強與西域(yu)的(de)交通，隔斷匈奴與羌人聯系，進一步根除北方邊(bian)患，采(cai)取的(de)一項重要措施。

　　漢(han)(han)武帝(di)元狩二(er)年（前(qian)121年），霍(huo)去病兩次(ci)出擊河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)，迫使匈奴(nu)渾邪王率眾(zhong)投降(jiang)，河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)地區(qu)正式歸入漢(han)(han)朝的版圖。此后“河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)地空(kong)”，匈奴(nu)右(you)部(bu)勢力退(tui)居到河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北山以北的蒙古高原戈壁(bi)沙漠區(qu)。為了(le)牢固控制河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)這(zhe)一(yi)戰略要地，進一(yi)步制止匈奴(nu)南犯勢力，根據張(zhang)騫提出的“斷匈奴(nu)右(you)臂(bei)”的方案，漢(han)(han)武帝(di)第二(er)次(ci)派張(zhang)騫出使西(xi)(xi)(xi)域，想招徠(lai)烏孫“東居故(gu)地”，以共(gong)同抗擊匈奴(nu)。但此時，烏孫西(xi)(xi)(xi)遷已久(jiu)，且內部(bu)矛盾(dun)較(jiao)大(da)，故(gu)謝絕漢(han)(han)朝欲其返回河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)的建議(yi)。漢(han)(han)武帝(di)審(shen)時度勢，決定大(da)力開(kai)發河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)，移民、設郡便是其中最重要的兩項。

　　漢武(wu)帝向(xiang)河西走廊(lang)移民

　　漢武帝時期向河西地區的(de)移民(min)主要有四次。

　　第一次(ci)(ci)是元狩三年(nian)(nian)（前120年(nian)(nian)）向西北邊地(di)包括河西遷移(yi)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)（太行山(shan)(shan)以東(dong)諸(zhu)地(di)）水(shui)災(zai)災(zai)民(min)70萬人的救災(zai)式移(yi)民(min)。這次(ci)(ci)移(yi)民(min)的衣食(shi)供給完全由國家包干(gan)，而且派遣(qian)朝廷的使者，分部將他們(men)護送到遷移(yi)之地(di)。當時，從山(shan)(shan)東(dong)到關西冠蓋(gai)相(xiang)望，人數很(hen)多，頗為壯觀(guan)。國家為這次(ci)(ci)移(yi)民(min)活動花費(fei)了數以億計(ji)的錢。

　　第二(er)次(ci)是元狩四年(nian)（前(qian)119年(nian)）始筑令居（今永登境）要(yao)塞，并“初置酒泉(quan)郡，后稍發徙民充實(shi)之(zhi)”。這次(ci)移(yi)民規模(mo)可(ke)能不大，因為漢武(wu)帝當時正(zheng)將充實(shi)河西的希望寄托于烏孫(sun)。

　　第三次(ci)是(shi)(shi)元狩五年(nian)（前118年(nian)）“徙天下奸(jian)猾吏民于邊(bian)”。這是(shi)(shi)一次(ci)懲罰性移(yi)民，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)全國(guo)各(ge)地為非作歹、奸(jian)險狡猾的官吏和平民遷徙到(dao)邊(bian)境(jing)(jing)地區。河(he)(he)西(xi)走(zou)廊(lang)是(shi)(shi)當時新開發的邊(bian)境(jing)(jing)地區之一，故而也是(shi)(shi)這次(ci)的重要移(yi)民地。若按漢平帝元始(shi)二年(nian)（2年(nian)）全國(guo)編戶人口(kou)3%計，奸(jian)猾人口(kou)總(zong)數約180萬，如果(guo)其(qi)中1/10遷往河(he)(he)西(xi)等(deng)地，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有18萬。漢武(wu)帝天漢二年(nian)（前99年(nian)），李陵率步卒五千出居延(yan)，尋找(zhao)匈奴作戰(zhan)。“軍出時，關東群盜妻(qi)子徙邊(bian)者隨軍為卒妻(qi)婦，大匿車中”就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)指以前遷徙河(he)(he)西(xi)的“奸(jian)猾吏民”。

　　第(di)四次(ci)移民(min)是(shi)(shi)元(yuan)鼎六年(nian)秋（前111年(nian)）向(xiang)河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)移民(min)。元(yuan)鼎二年(nian)張騫使(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)域還(huan)，報告了烏(wu)孫無法東歸的(de)情況。漢武(wu)帝眼(yan)看“渾邪地(di)空(kong)無人(ren)”已多年(nian)，于是(shi)(shi)在此年(nian)再(zai)次(ci)派遣漢軍將匈奴殘(can)余勢力(li)逐至漠北，解除其對(dui)河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)威(wei)脅(xie)，“乃(nai)分武(wu)威(wei)、酒泉(quan)地(di)置張掖(ye)、敦(dun)煌郡，徙(xi)民(min)以(yi)實(shi)之。”這次(ci)漢朝要在河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)設郡設縣，移民(min)數量當(dang)應(ying)在10萬以(yi)上，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)次(ci)大規模(mo)的(de)移民(min)。敦(dun)煌著名(ming)大姓索氏就是(shi)(shi)這一(yi)次(ci)從巨(ju)鹿南和(he)遷到敦(dun)煌的(de)。

　　向河西等(deng)地(di)(di)的(de)小規模(mo)移民(min)也不(bu)少。當(dang)時遷(qian)徙(xi)(xi)河西地(di)(di)區的(de)主要對(dui)象有(you)(you)(you)“關東(dong)下貧(pin)，或以抱怨(yuan)(yuan)過(guo)當(dang)，或悖逆(ni)亡道，家(jia)(jia)(jia)屬徙(xi)(xi)焉”等(deng)。“關東(dong)下貧(pin)”就(jiu)是中原地(di)(di)區生活(huo)無著(zhu)落(luo)，生存不(bu)下去(qu)的(de)貧(pin)苦農民(min)。“抱怨(yuan)(yuan)過(guo)當(dang)”“悖逆(ni)亡道”，用現在說法(fa)就(jiu)是刑事犯(fan)(fan)或犯(fan)(fan)有(you)(you)(you)危(wei)害國家(jia)(jia)(jia)安(an)全罪(zui)者(zhe)，輕犯(fan)(fan)者(zhe)全家(jia)(jia)(jia)被(bei)強制遷(qian)往邊地(di)(di)，重者(zhe)本(ben)人被(bei)處死，其家(jia)(jia)(jia)屬被(bei)強制遷(qian)到邊地(di)(di)。例如元(yuan)封三年(nian)（前108年(nian)），“武都氐人反，分(fen)徙(xi)(xi)酒(jiu)(jiu)泉(quan)(quan)郡(jun)(jun)”；征(zheng)和(he)二年(nian)（前91年(nian)），巫蠱(gu)事起，“其隨太子發兵，以反法(fa)族，吏士劫略者(zhe)，皆徙(xi)(xi)敦煌郡(jun)(jun)”；宣帝(di)時，司馬(ma)遷(qian)外(wai)(wai)舅楊(yang)惲心懷不(bu)滿(man)，被(bei)人告發，本(ben)人以“大逆(ni)無道要（腰(yao)）斬，妻子徙(xi)(xi)酒(jiu)(jiu)泉(quan)(quan)郡(jun)(jun)”等(deng)。此(ci)外(wai)(wai)，也有(you)(you)(you)戍卒自愿(yuan)留(liu)下，把家(jia)(jia)(jia)屬接到河西的(de)。還有(you)(you)(you)平民(min)自愿(yuan)遷(qian)徙(xi)(xi)的(de)，如趙(zhao)充國一家(jia)(jia)(jia)，“隴(long)西上邽人也，后(hou)徙(xi)(xi)金城令居。”他們為甘(gan)肅邊地(di)(di)的(de)保衛(wei)和(he)開發做出了貢獻。還有(you)(you)(you)河西郡(jun)(jun)縣到東(dong)部招(zhao)徠的(de)流(liu)民(min)，如敦煌懸泉(quan)(quan)漢簡出土有(you)(you)(you)河平元(yuan)年(nian)（前28年(nian)）敦煌郡(jun)(jun)派吏員到東(dong)海、泰山(shan)二郡(jun)(jun)收徠流(liu)民(min)的(de)過(guo)所，同類活(huo)動(dong)當(dang)前后(hou)皆有(you)(you)(you)。

　　《漢(han)書·地理志》載，西(xi)漢(han)元始二年(nian)（2年(nian)）河西(xi)五郡(jun)有109740戶(hu)529859人(ren)。如果將編戶(hu)民與戍卒兩項加(jia)起來(lai)，四郡(jun)人(ren)口總(zong)數或近(jin)百萬人(ren)了。這些移民遷到河西(xi)各(ge)地，改變了當地人(ren)口的(de)(de)民族成分，使河西(xi)變成以漢(han)族為主體的(de)(de)地區(qu)(qu)，有利(li)于國(guo)家政令(ling)的(de)(de)貫徹和社會的(de)(de)穩定。其(qi)次(ci)，這些移民是(shi)河西(xi)等地區(qu)(qu)農業(ye)經濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)較(jiao)早(zao)開發(fa)者(zhe)。史書中說，當時“朔方(fang)、西(xi)河、河西(xi)、酒泉皆引河及川谷以溉(gai)田”，農業(ye)生(sheng)產迅(xun)速發(fa)展。還有，移民從事的(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)活動改變了當地的(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)結構(gou)，由比較(jiao)單一且脆弱的(de)(de)畜牧、狩(shou)獵經濟(ji)(ji)向有穩定收(shou)成的(de)(de)農牧兼營的(de)(de)方(fang)向發(fa)展。而(er)且，內(nei)地來(lai)的(de)(de)移民還是(shi)協(xie)助邊(bian)(bian)境(jing)守御、保障國(guo)家邊(bian)(bian)塞安全和絲路交(jiao)通的(de)(de)重要力量。

　　　　河西五郡的(de)設置時間

　　人們(men)習(xi)慣(guan)稱漢(han)代(dai)敦煌、酒泉、張(zhang)掖、武(wu)威為(wei)河(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)四(si)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)，但河(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)五(wu)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)提法由(you)來已(yi)久。懸泉簡神爵元(yuan)年（前61年）十一月(yue)大司農給河(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)諸(zhu)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)農田官的(de)文移中，就將(jiang)“敦煌、酒泉、張(zhang)掖、武(wu)威、金(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”五(wu)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)并稱，竇融到張(zhang)掖曾(ceng)被推為(wei)“行河(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)五(wu)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)大將(jiang)軍(jun)事”。而唐初(chu)官修的(de)《晉書(shu)·地理志》言(yan)：“漢(han)置(zhi)張(zhang)掖、酒泉、敦煌、武(wu)威郡(jun)(jun)(jun)，其(qi)后(hou)又置(zhi)金(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)，謂(wei)之‘河(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)五(wu)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)’”，則更明確。河(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)五(wu)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)說法頗具歷史和戰略眼光(guang)，因為(wei)金(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之治所允吾及西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)所屬(shu)13縣(xian)(xian)(xian)中有8縣(xian)(xian)(xian)，東漢(han)所轄10縣(xian)(xian)(xian)中有8縣(xian)(xian)(xian)在黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)以西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，其(qi)余2縣(xian)(xian)(xian)也在黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)之濱，從地理位置(zhi)來說是(shi)名(ming)副其(qi)實(shi)的(de)河(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)之郡(jun)(jun)(jun)。況且，金(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)綰河(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)走廊(lang)東口、南接羌中道(dao)、北(bei)拒匈(xiong)奴出沒的(de)騰(teng)格里沙漠，政治和軍(jun)事地位太重要了，怎能將(jiang)金(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)排(pai)除于河(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)諸(zhu)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)之外(wai)？

　　河西(xi)五(wu)郡(jun)的(de)(de)設(she)置時間(jian)，除金(jin)城郡(jun)的(de)(de)設(she)置時間(jian)——漢昭帝始元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)81年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）毫無爭議外，其余(yu)四(si)郡(jun)的(de)(de)設(she)置時間(jian)在(zai)《史記》《漢書(shu)》諸(zhu)篇章及(ji)《資治通鑒》等(deng)書(shu)中的(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa)很不一(yi)致，引起學(xue)界的(de)(de)紛(fen)爭，至今尚無統一(yi)的(de)(de)意見。酒泉郡(jun)，有元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狩二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)121年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鼎二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)115年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鼎六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)111年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）后(hou)、太(tai)初(chu)(chu)(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)104年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)封三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)108年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）后(hou)、征(zheng)和(he)(he)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)94年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）以前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、武帝時、征(zheng)和(he)(he)時諸(zhu)說(shuo)；張(zhang)掖郡(jun)，有元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鼎六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)、太(tai)初(chu)(chu)(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)封六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)105年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、征(zheng)和(he)(he)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、武帝時諸(zhu)說(shuo)；敦煌(huang)郡(jun)，有元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鼎六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、征(zheng)和(he)(he)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)91年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、后(hou)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)88年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、武帝時諸(zhu)說(shuo)；武威郡(jun)，有元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狩二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鼎二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)115年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）后(hou)、太(tai)初(chu)(chu)(chu)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)101年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、神爵元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)61年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）、地節三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)67年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、武帝時諸(zhu)說(shuo)。清(qing)代(dai)學(xue)者錢大(da)昕、齊(qi)召南、全祖(zu)望、汪之昌、朱一(yi)新等(deng)各自進行了(le)考(kao)(kao)據，說(shuo)法(fa)仍有分歧(qi)。20世紀，在(zai)河西(xi)各地先后(hou)出土大(da)量(liang)秦漢簡牘，為四(si)郡(jun)設(she)置年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)的(de)(de)探討提供了(le)原(yuan)始的(de)(de)新材料(liao)。陳(chen)夢(meng)家、勞榦、張(zhang)維華、張(zhang)春樹、齊(qi)陳(chen)駿(jun)、劉光華、周振鶴、王宗(zong)維、李并成等(deng)學(xue)者利用(yong)漢簡、考(kao)(kao)古資料(liao)結合傳世文獻(xian)，對河西(xi)諸(zhu)郡(jun)設(she)置年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)進行了(le)更科學(xue)的(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)證(zheng)。

　　綜合學者(zhe)們的研(yan)究成果，參以己意(yi)，現對諸郡設置年代(dai)略(lve)述如下(xia)。

　　元(yuan)狩二年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)121年(nian)(nian)）渾(hun)邪(xie)王降漢(han)，河(he)西(xi)主權(quan)歸(gui)(gui)漢(han)朝(chao)，但(dan)“地空無人”，漢(han)朝(chao)隨(sui)即開(kai)始向當地移(yi)民(min)。但(dan)移(yi)民(min)花費的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)力(li)、物(wu)力(li)、人力(li)極大(da)(da)(da)，漢(han)朝(chao)因連年(nian)(nian)用(yong)兵，財(cai)政吃緊，漢(han)武(wu)帝(di)遂將烏孫東歸(gui)(gui)故地的(de)(de)(de)希(xi)望寄托(tuo)于第二次(ci)出使西(xi)域的(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)騫，所以(yi)動作不大(da)(da)(da)。元(yuan)鼎(ding)二年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)115年(nian)(nian)）張(zhang)騫使還長(chang)安，報告(gao)了烏孫無法(fa)東歸(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，漢(han)武(wu)帝(di)隨(sui)即以(yi)令居為(wei)基地和據(ju)點，向西(xi)筑長(chang)城，構(gou)建以(yi)長(chang)城和沿途烽隧亭障的(de)(de)(de)河(he)西(xi)邊境防(fang)御系統，同時(shi)加大(da)(da)(da)移(yi)民(min)速度，當長(chang)城筑到酒泉時(shi)，遂設置(zhi)了張(zhang)掖、酒泉二郡(jun)。《史記·平準書》《漢(han)書·食(shi)貨志》言二郡(jun)設置(zhi)時(shi)間元(yuan)鼎(ding)六年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)111年(nian)(nian)）是不無道理的(de)(de)(de)。置(zhi)張(zhang)掖郡(jun)是為(wei)“隔斷羌(qiang)胡，使南北(bei)不得交關”，設酒泉郡(jun)則是為(wei)“通西(xi)北(bei)國”。二郡(jun)分別在(zai)河(he)西(xi)走廊東部和西(xi)部，大(da)(da)(da)致(zhi)以(yi)今黑河(he)及其(qi)以(yi)北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)池明海沙(sha)漠區為(wei)界。

　　漢(han)若想進一步(bu)擴大在西域的影響(xiang)，就必須(xu)經營通往(wang)西域的道(dao)路(lu)。敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)是中(zhong)西交通的咽喉要地，東西方文明(ming)薈萃的樞紐，因此在河西走廊(lang)西部(bu)專設(she)敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)郡(jun)(jun)是非常必要的。《漢(han)書·武帝(di)紀》記征(zheng)和(he)三(san)年(nian)(nian)三(san)月“重合侯馬通四萬(wan)騎出酒(jiu)泉(quan)”至天山，擊(ji)匈(xiong)奴(nu)，說明(ming)公元前(qian)90年(nian)(nian)敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)尚未置(zhi)郡(jun)(jun)，故而(er)所出之塞(sai)是酒(jiu)泉(quan)塞(sai)，這就排除(chu)了敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)建郡(jun)(jun)于元鼎六年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)111年(nian)(nian)）及征(zheng)和(he)二年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)91年(nian)(nian)）二說，只能以《漢(han)書·地理(li)志》注：“武帝(di)后元元年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)88年(nian)(nian)）分酒(jiu)泉(quan)置(zhi)（敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)郡(jun)(jun)）”為是。

　　金(jin)城(cheng)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)系昭帝(di)始(shi)(shi)元六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（前81年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），取天水郡(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)榆中、金(jin)城(cheng)，隴西郡(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)枹罕、白石(shi)，張(zhang)掖(ye)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)令(ling)居、枝陽設(she)置(zhi)。由此可(ke)知，當時整個走廊東部直至(zhi)今西固區的(de)金(jin)城(cheng)縣西都屬張(zhang)掖(ye)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)，并無(wu)武(wu)威郡(jun)(jun)(jun)，這就排除了文(wen)獻(xian)中武(wu)威郡(jun)(jun)(jun)設(she)置(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代的(de)前三個誤說。勞榦以居延(yan)漢(han)(han)簡各編(bian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)簡中所述諸郡(jun)(jun)(jun)名(ming)稱等考定，武(wu)威郡(jun)(jun)(jun)始(shi)(shi)設(she)于宣帝(di)元鳳元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)地(di)節三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)（前80-前67年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）。目前的(de)研究，大致不出勞說。武(wu)威郡(jun)(jun)(jun)原為(wei)匈奴休屠王駐牧地(di)，漢(han)(han)武(wu)帝(di)開河西后，為(wei)張(zhang)掖(ye)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)地(di)，宣帝(di)元鳳元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)地(di)節三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)始(shi)(shi)分張(zhang)掖(ye)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)東部地(di)設(she)武(wu)威郡(jun)(jun)(jun)。

　　河西五郡及其轄縣

　　張掖(ye)為“故匈奴昆邪地(di)”，郡(jun)名取“張國臂(bei)掖(ye)”之義，治(zhi)觻得(de)(de)（今(jin)(jin)甘(gan)州(zhou)區明永(yong)鄉黑水古城(cheng)），平帝時有24352戶88731人，下設(she)10縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：觻得(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；昭武縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)臨(lin)澤縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)板橋、鴨暖一(yi)帶；刪丹(dan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)山丹(dan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)霍(huo)城(cheng)鄉雙湖村古城(cheng)；氐池縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)甘(gan)州(zhou)區東；屋蘭(lan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)甘(gan)州(zhou)區堿灘(tan)鎮古城(cheng)村一(yi)帶；日勒縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)山丹(dan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)清泉鎮；驪(li)靬縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)或在今(jin)(jin)永(yong)昌(chang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)紅山窯(yao)鄉高古城(cheng)；番和縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)永(yong)昌(chang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)焦家(jia)莊西(xi)寨故城(cheng)；顯(xian)美縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)涼州(zhou)區豐樂鎮一(yi)帶；居(ju)延縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)內蒙(meng)古額濟納旗。

　　酒(jiu)泉郡名來自“城(cheng)(cheng)下(xia)有金(jin)泉，泉味如酒(jiu)”。平(ping)帝時(shi)，治(zhi)(zhi)祿福(fu)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)肅州區）有18137戶76726人，下(xia)設9縣(xian)(xian)：祿福(fu)縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)高臺縣(xian)(xian)駱駝城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)永勝村西(xi)；樂涫縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)肅州區下(xia)河清(qing)鄉(xiang)(xiang)皇城(cheng)(cheng)遺址；天？縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)玉(yu)門(men)(men)市清(qing)泉鄉(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)；玉(yu)門(men)(men)縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)玉(yu)門(men)(men)市赤金(jin)鎮；會水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)金(jin)塔縣(xian)(xian)雙古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)村一帶；池頭縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)玉(yu)門(men)(men)市花海比家(jia)灘(tan)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)；綏彌縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)肅州區臨水(shui)鄉(xiang)(xiang)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)村；乾(qian)齊縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)玉(yu)門(men)(men)市玉(yu)門(men)(men)鎮綠洲。

　　敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)(huang)郡名的(de)來歷，古(gu)代釋為“敦(dun)(dun)，大也；煌(huang)(huang)，盛(sheng)也”；現(xian)代研究(jiu)有《山海經》中(zhong)“敦(dun)(dun)薨”即(ji)吐火羅的(de)異譯說(shuo)和敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)(huang)系古(gu)突厥語(yu)“瓜”音之轉(zhuan)說(shuo)。郡治(zhi)敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)(huang)（今(jin)(jin)沙州鎮(zhen)(zhen)黨河西岸），平帝(di)時有11200戶(hu)38335人，下設6縣(xian)：敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)(huang)縣(xian)，冥安縣(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)瓜州縣(xian)鎖陽(yang)(yang)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)南岔(cha)大坑(keng)古(gu)城；效(xiao)谷縣(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)(huang)市郭家堡(bao)鄉墩灣村古(gu)城；淵(yuan)泉縣(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)瓜州三道(dao)溝鎮(zhen)(zhen)四道(dao)溝村；廣至縣(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)瓜州鎖陽(yang)(yang)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)破城子古(gu)城；龍勒縣(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)敦(dun)(dun)煌(huang)(huang)市陽(yang)(yang)關(guan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)北工村壽昌城遺址。

　　金(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)郡名來(lai)歷(li)，有(you)“初(chu)，筑城(cheng)得金(jin)(jin)(jin)，故曰(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)”，有(you)“稱金(jin)(jin)(jin)，取(qu)其(qi)堅固(gu)也，故《墨子》曰(yue)：‘雖(sui)金(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)湯(tang)池’”，有(you)“以郡在京師之西(xi)(xi)，故謂金(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)，西(xi)(xi)方(fang)之行”諸說。郡治(zhi)允吾（今(jin)(jin)(jin)青(qing)海(hai)民和縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)下川口），平帝(di)時(shi)38470戶149648人，下設(she)13縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：允吾縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；榆中(zhong)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)蘭州市(shi)城(cheng)關(guan)區(qu)(qu)東崗鎮(zhen)(zhen)一帶(dai)；金(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)蘭州市(shi)西(xi)(xi)固(gu)區(qu)(qu)西(xi)(xi)固(gu)城(cheng)；枹(bao)罕(han)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)臨(lin)夏市(shi)枹(bao)罕(han)鎮(zhen)(zhen)雙城(cheng)村；白石縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)甘(gan)南州夏河縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)曲奧鄉一帶(dai)；令居縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)永(yong)登(deng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)關(guan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)；枝陽縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)永(yong)登(deng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)苦水鎮(zhen)(zhen)；浩(hao)亹縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)永(yong)登(deng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)河橋鎮(zhen)(zhen)；允街縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)蘭州市(shi)紅(hong)古區(qu)(qu)紅(hong)古城(cheng)一帶(dai)；河關(guan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)積石山縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)河家鎮(zhen)(zhen)大(da)墩(dun)村北；破羌縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)青(qing)海(hai)省樂都區(qu)(qu)老鴉城(cheng)；安夷縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)青(qing)海(hai)省平安區(qu)(qu)境；臨(lin)羌縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)青(qing)海(hai)省湟源(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)東南。

　　武威郡治(zhi)姑(gu)臧(zang)（今(jin)涼州區(qu)金羊鎮趙家(jia)磨村(cun)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址），平帝時17581戶76419人(ren)，下設10縣(xian)(xian)(xian)：姑(gu)臧(zang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)，匈(xiong)奴(nu)故蓋(gai)臧(zang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，音(yin)訛為姑(gu)臧(zang)；張掖縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)涼州區(qu)王景寨(zhai)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；武威縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)民勤(qin)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)泉(quan)山鎮西(xi)北古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；休屠縣(xian)(xian)(xian)原為匈(xiong)奴(nu)休屠王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，治(zhi)今(jin)涼州區(qu)四壩鄉三岔村(cun)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；揟次縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)古(gu)(gu)浪縣(xian)(xian)(xian)土(tu)門鎮；鸞烏縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)古(gu)(gu)浪縣(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北小橋堡；撲寰縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)古(gu)(gu)浪縣(xian)(xian)(xian)大靖鎮撲寰故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；媼(ao)圍縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)景泰縣(xian)(xian)(xian)蘆(lu)陽(yang)鎮吊溝古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；蒼松(song)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)古(gu)(gu)浪縣(xian)(xian)(xian)黑松(song)驛站古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；宣威縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)今(jin)民勤(qin)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)大壩鄉文(wen)一農科隊(dui)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。

　　以上五郡(jun)諸(zhu)縣地(di)望，皆(jie)依(yi)劉光華主(zhu)編《甘肅省志·建置志》所考，特此說明。

　　河(he)西(xi)五郡的(de)(de)(de)設置是我國歷(li)史(shi)上具有深遠意(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)事件。首先，其使河(he)西(xi)成為(wei)“斷匈(xiong)奴右臂”的(de)(de)(de)戰略(lve)基地(di)(di)(di)，加強了(le)(le)(le)西(xi)漢的(de)(de)(de)防御能力，推動了(le)(le)(le)西(xi)域各族與(yu)(yu)漢朝聯(lian)合(he)對抗匈(xiong)奴，成為(wei)中央王朝控(kong)制西(xi)域地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)堅強基地(di)(di)(di)。其次，它為(wei)絲綢之路的(de)(de)(de)暢通提供了(le)(le)(le)條件，保(bao)障(zhang)和便利了(le)(le)(le)中國與(yu)(yu)西(xi)方各國的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟文化交流。最(zui)后，新興的(de)(de)(de)河(he)西(xi)走(zou)廊(lang)農(nong)業(ye)區的(de)(de)(de)出現，在實(shi)現所謂“隔絕羌胡”目的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)同時，促進了(le)(le)(le)河(he)西(xi)地(di)(di)(di)區經(jing)濟文化的(de)(de)(de)發展，擴大了(le)(le)(le)我國農(nong)業(ye)區經(jing)濟與(yu)(yu)游牧(mu)區經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)結合(he)，構(gou)成了(le)(le)(le)農(nong)牧(mu)業(ye)相(xiang)統一的(de)(de)(de)古代國民經(jing)濟體(ti)系。