原標題：明(ming)清時期(qi)的嘉峪關

　　關城　李巍　攝

　　胡雪

　　明(ming)朝(chao)建(jian)立后，天下初定。因長期戰(zhan)爭致使河(he)西(xi)各地一片荒涼，經(jing)濟滯后，西(xi)域(yu)(yu)各民(min)族(zu)(zu)尚未(wei)穩定，河(he)西(xi)地區還被(bei)元朝(chao)殘軍(jun)(jun)占領。為了管轄(xia)這片土地，明(ming)太祖朱元璋任命馮勝為征(zheng)西(xi)將軍(jun)(jun)，率(lv)兵前往河(he)西(xi)。河(he)西(xi)走(zou)廊北接瓦剌，西(xi)連西(xi)域(yu)(yu)，南鄰(lin)藏族(zu)(zu)各部(bu)，是西(xi)域(yu)(yu)進(jin)入中(zhong)原(yuan)的咽喉要道，也(ye)是明(ming)朝(chao)經(jing)略(lve)西(xi)域(yu)(yu)、制(zhi)衡北方少數民(min)族(zu)(zu)的重要基地，具有十分重要的戰(zhan)略(lve)意義。馮勝奉(feng)命出金(jin)城（今蘭(lan)州），率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)西(xi)征(zheng)，軍(jun)(jun)隊一路長驅直入，所向披靡， 大(da)破敵軍(jun)(jun)于(yu)玉門(men)關外。

　　馮勝在返(fan)回的(de)途(tu)中，看到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)里南有白雪皚皚的(de)祁連(lian)山(shan)，北(bei)(bei)有挺拔(ba)(ba)峻峭的(de)黑山(shan)，兩山(shan)夾峙(zhi)，距離不過30華里。西面是(shi)空曠無障的(de)戈(ge)壁(bi)，是(shi)絕好的(de)戰場。東面是(shi)河西重(zhong)鎮酒泉，是(shi)可靠的(de)后盾。山(shan)崗下(xia)(xia)有冬夏澄清(qing)的(de)九眼泉。于是(shi)，馮勝選定這(zhe)(zhe)“進(jin)可攻(gong)、退可守(shou)(shou)”的(de)咽喉(hou)之地，并于明洪(hong)武(wu)五年(nian)（1372年(nian)）大興土木，初筑(zhu)土城(cheng)。從此(ci)，一座雄(xiong)偉壯麗的(de)關(guan)隘拔(ba)(ba)地而起，成(cheng)了明代萬(wan)里長城(cheng)的(de)西端起點，并以此(ci)作為聯絡和控扼西域(yu)的(de)要(yao)塞。此(ci)后，為了切實加強河西走廊的(de)防務，明廷派兵在此(ci)屯(tun)田，移民(min)屯(tun)墾(ken)，發(fa)展農業(ye)生產，在肅州與嘉(jia)峪(yu)關(guan)一帶安置游(you)牧(mu)民(min)族，耕牧(mu)并作。在此(ci)后的(de)100多年(nian)的(de)時間里，人(ren)們(men)安居樂業(ye)，人(ren)口(kou)大幅增加，經(jing)濟逐(zhu)漸(jian)恢復。明萬(wan)歷二十一年(nian)（1593年(nian)），時任肅州兵備道(dao)副使(shi)的(de)郭師古在嘉(jia)峪(yu)關(guan)巡查(cha)防務時，感慨嘉(jia)峪(yu)關(guan)乃至河西經(jing)歷了百余年(nian)的(de)動亂，在明廷的(de)有效治理下(xia)(xia)終于安定。他欣然題下(xia)(xia)了“北(bei)(bei)漠塵清(qing)”四字，后被駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)官(guan)兵鑿刻在了古玉(yu)門關(guan)（石關(guan)峽口(kou)）的(de)崖壁(bi)上，留存(cun)至今。

　　明(ming)(ming)朝初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，明(ming)(ming)朝廢除(chu)了(le)(le)(le)元(yuan)朝設(she)(she)(she)(she)在(zai)各地的行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)書省，設(she)(she)(she)(she)立(li)了(le)(le)(le)十(shi)(shi)三(san)個承宣(xuan)布政使(shi)(shi)司(si)。河(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)屬于(yu)邊(bian)境地區(qu)，屬陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)行(xing)(xing)都(dou)(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)司(si)，在(zai)陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)行(xing)(xing)都(dou)(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)司(si)的基礎上，增設(she)(she)(she)(she)了(le)(le)(le)巡(xun)撫、總(zong)兵(bing)官等官職，還接連派遣(qian)重(zhong)臣巡(xun)視(shi)河(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)或專督(du)兵(bing)馬，建立(li)了(le)(le)(le)一套完備的軍(jun)政制(zhi)度(du)。陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)行(xing)(xing)都(dou)(dou)司(si)前(qian)身是明(ming)(ming)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1374年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）設(she)(she)(she)(she)于(yu)河(he)(he)州(zhou)(zhou)（今臨夏）的西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)行(xing)(xing)都(dou)(dou)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1375年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）更名(ming)為(wei)陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)行(xing)(xing)都(dou)(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)司(si)。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1376年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），罷陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)行(xing)(xing)都(dou)(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)司(si)。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1379年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），復置陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)行(xing)(xing)都(dou)(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)司(si)于(yu)莊浪(lang)（今永(yong)登）。隨著明(ming)(ming)廷對河(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)防(fang)務(wu)的加強，陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)行(xing)(xing)都(dou)(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)司(si)于(yu)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1393年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）遷到甘(gan)(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)（今張掖），開始實際管轄河(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)諸衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)。河(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)諸衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)多設(she)(she)(she)(she)置于(yu)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1372年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），初設(she)(she)(she)(she)甘(gan)(gan)肅(su)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、莊浪(lang)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又設(she)(she)(she)(she)立(li)涼(liang)州(zhou)(zhou)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。此三(san)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)均以故(gu)元(yuan)降眾為(wei)主體，與后(hou)來明(ming)(ming)廷駐軍(jun)后(hou)的衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)不同。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1376年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），從蘭州(zhou)(zhou)等地調遣(qian)官兵(bing)進駐涼(liang)州(zhou)(zhou)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、莊浪(lang)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，開始了(le)(le)(le)對河(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的實際軍(jun)事控制(zhi)。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1382年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），在(zai)永(yong)昌(chang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)立(li)了(le)(le)(le)永(yong)昌(chang)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1390年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），以山丹(dan)縣地置山丹(dan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1392年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），置甘(gan)(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)左(zuo)(zuo)、右(you)、中(zhong)、前(qian)、后(hou)五衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1394年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），改甘(gan)(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)左(zuo)(zuo)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)肅(su)州(zhou)(zhou)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，領左(zuo)(zuo)、右(you)、中(zhong)、前(qian)、后(hou)五所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1395年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），嘉峪關設(she)(she)(she)(she)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)，屬肅(su)州(zhou)(zhou)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。永(yong)樂三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1405年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），威虜衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)并入肅(su)州(zhou)(zhou)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，為(wei)中(zhong)右(you)、中(zhong)中(zhong)二(er)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)，共七(qi)千戶所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)。

　　明(ming)(ming)朝并(bing)沒有完全(quan)放棄關(guan)(guan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)之地(di)，為經略(lve)西(xi)(xi)(xi)域，先后在(zai)洪(hong)武(wu)、永樂(le)年(nian)間在(zai)嘉(jia)峪關(guan)(guan)以(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)又(you)建立(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)安(an)定衛(wei)(wei)、曲先衛(wei)(wei)、阿(a)端衛(wei)(wei)、罕東衛(wei)(wei)、沙州衛(wei)(wei)、赤斤蒙(meng)古衛(wei)(wei)、哈密衛(wei)(wei)，史稱“關(guan)(guan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)七(qi)衛(wei)(wei)”。七(qi)衛(wei)(wei)長官全(quan)部由當(dang)地(di)少數民族的首領(ling)擔任，與(yu)明(ming)(ming)朝保持(chi)著朝貢關(guan)(guan)系，皆為羈縻衛(wei)(wei)所(suo)。七(qi)衛(wei)(wei)“內附(fu)肅州，外捍達賊(zei)”，減(jian)輕了(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)邊防(fang)的壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)，使(shi)(shi)“西(xi)(xi)(xi)戎、北(bei)虜兩不(bu)相通，則邊疆(jiang)可永無虞，而(er)國家(jia)之固如(ru)磐石矣。”明(ming)(ming)人箬陂（即陳(chen)洪(hong)謨）亦言：河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)“守臣相繼撫馭，諸夷一遵舊規，不(bu)敢坐視啟釁(xin)。所(suo)以(yi)百五十年(nian)來(lai)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)陲晏然無事。”關(guan)(guan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)諸衛(wei)(wei)的設立(li)，屏蔽了(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)陲。在(zai)明(ming)(ming)朝前期，保證了(le)(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)域往(wang)來(lai)和使(shi)(shi)臣商隊等安(an)全(quan)通過，使(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)朝可以(yi)將防(fang)御(yu)力(li)(li)(li)量專門(men)用以(yi)對付瓦剌和韃靼。河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)乃至西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)地(di)區(qu)得(de)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)安(an)寧，猶如(ru)設置了(le)(le)(le)(le)防(fang)御(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)的一道(dao)強有力(li)(li)(li)的防(fang)線，從而(er)出現了(le)(le)(le)(le)“番夷效順，西(xi)(xi)(xi)陲晏然”的局面(mian)。

　　明(ming)朝維(wei)護在肅(su)州和嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)關一(yi)帶推行(xing)的衛所制度，以實現(xian)西(xi)(xi)控(kong)西(xi)(xi)域、南阻戎(rong)羌、北拒胡(hu)虜的目的。在經(jing)濟上采取了耕(geng)戰一(yi)體的措施，由官(guan)府提供屯(tun)田所需(xu)的器具及種子，實行(xing)“量(liang)地力而區別征(zheng)科(ke)”的稅糧(liang)政策，對自(zi)行(xing)耕(geng)種的荒(huang)田，原則上“永不(bu)起(qi)科(ke)”；建(jian)立了既能(neng)耕(geng)種，又可(ke)御敵的屯(tun)堡(bao)制，尤其重(zhong)視水利建(jian)設，筑(zhu)(zhu)堤(di)修壩、灌渠；給移居的少數民族修筑(zhu)(zhu)城堡(bao)，優待安置(zhi)，既嚴格規范，又不(bu)允許官(guan)吏、將士苛剝；設立“茶馬互市”，開展邊貿交(jiao)易；設立“夷廠(chang)”安置(zhi)西(xi)(xi)域和外(wai)國商(shang)人，以確保(bao)嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)關及肅(su)州東西(xi)(xi)方交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)要津的地位，從(cong)而更好地促進商(shang)貿發展，以保(bao)證貢使進出嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)關道路(lu)的暢通(tong)(tong)。

　　明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)成(cheng)化年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)（1465—1487年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）以(yi)來(lai)，吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)西州(zhou)回鶻部落逐漸崛起(qi)。弘治年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)（1488—1505年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），哈(ha)密(mi)被(bei)吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)汗(han)國速(su)(su)檀阿黑(hei)(hei)麻(ma)襲擊占領(ling)(ling)，掠(lve)金印，并謀勒兵(bing)(bing)近塞擾(rao)關。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)哈(ha)密(mi)忠順王陜(shan)巴(ba)帶(dai)(dai)家屬(shu)逃(tao)到苦峪（今敦(dun)煌市東北）。正德年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)（1506—1521 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)釋放真帖木兒(er)（阿黑(hei)(hei)麻(ma)汗(han)的第八(ba)(ba)個(ge)兒(er)子(zi)），其條件(jian)是吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)汗(han)國不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)再侵犯哈(ha)密(mi)國。陜(shan)巴(ba)的兒(er)子(zi)拜牙(ya)繼承哈(ha)密(mi)王之(zhi)(zhi)位。吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)速(su)(su)檀滿(man)(man)速(su)(su)兒(er)得知(zhi)甘(gan)州(zhou)等(deng)(deng)地情(qing)報，并誘使(shi)哈(ha)密(mi)王拜牙(ya)叛變(bian)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)，投奔(ben)吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1524年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)首領(ling)(ling)滿(man)(man)速(su)(su)兒(er)偵(zhen)知(zhi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)邊境情(qing)況，親率(lv)大(da)軍三萬進攻肅州(zhou)（今酒泉）。甘(gan)肅巡撫陳九疇(chou)得知(zhi)，率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)抵抗(kang)，又派人向朝(chao)廷(ting)(ting)稟報。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)廷(ting)(ting)急命(ming)兵(bing)(bing)部尚書(shu)金獻民總制軍務，署都督(du)僉(qian)事杭雄充總兵(bing)(bing)官，太監張忠提(ti)督(du)軍務，率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)西征(zheng)滿(man)(man)速(su)(su)兒(er)。當金獻民所率(lv)大(da)軍至蘭(lan)(lan)州(zhou)時(shi)，陳九疇(chou)和總兵(bing)(bing)姜奭已(yi)擊敗(bai)滿(man)(man)速(su)(su)兒(er)，“斬(zhan)其將火者他只丁，使(shi)其敗(bai)退(tui)”。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)廷(ting)(ting)隨后閉關絕(jue)貢，暫時(shi)與吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)不(bu)(bu)再來(lai)往。由于(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)的不(bu)(bu)斷衰弱，前期設(she)立(li)的關西七衛只能(neng)(neng)全部撤(che)入嘉(jia)峪關以(yi)內，西北防(fang)線徹底喪失防(fang)御(yu)能(neng)(neng)力。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1525年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)牙(ya)木蘭(lan)(lan)再次占領(ling)(ling)哈(ha)密(mi)并率(lv)軍襲擾(rao)沙州(zhou)、肅州(zhou)。嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1528年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)牙(ya)木蘭(lan)(lan)乞(qi)降(jiang)被(bei)拒，滿(man)(man)速(su)(su)兒(er)則(ze)以(yi)討伐(fa)牙(ya)木蘭(lan)(lan)為由攻擊明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)邊境。嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1529年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)內部就哈(ha)密(mi)的棄守問題展開辯論，兵(bing)(bing)部尚書(shu)王瓊稱(cheng)哈(ha)密(mi)難于(yu)鎮守，雖(sui)然詹事霍韜等(deng)(deng)人極力反對放棄哈(ha)密(mi)，但最終(zhong)嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)帝批準哈(ha)密(mi)“專圖自治之(zhi)(zhi)策”，此(ci)后明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)廷(ting)(ting)再也(ye)沒能(neng)(neng)收(shou)回哈(ha)密(mi)。從成(cheng)化八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1472年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）到嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1529年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），因吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的崛起(qi)，嘉(jia)峪關周邊戰事頻繁，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)曾一度閉關絕(jue)貢，以(yi)孤立(li)、打擊吐(tu)(tu)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)番(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)。自成(cheng)化后期至嘉(jia)靖(jing)(jing)時(shi)期，這里陸續修建(jian)了(le)嘉(jia)峪關關樓、羅城(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)，加固、增高(gao)了(le)城(cheng)墻，增設(she)了(le)關城(cheng)內外(wai)設(she)施，構筑了(le)關城(cheng)兩翼長城(cheng)及(ji)東長城(cheng)，并在(zai)長城(cheng)內外(wai)及(ji)其延伸地帶(dai)(dai)加筑烽燧、城(cheng)堡及(ji)營塞，構筑了(le)較為完備(bei)的防(fang)御(yu)體系。先后設(she)置(zhi)防(fang)守守關指揮，明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)隆慶年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)（1567—1572年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）設(she)守備(bei)，進行管(guan)轄。

　　明(ming)(ming)崇禎十(shi)六年(nian)（1643年(nian)）十(shi)二月(yue)，李自(zi)(zi)成遣將賀錦(jin)、田見(jian)秀等往攻三(san)秦，先后攻破安(an)定(ding)（今(jin)鎮(zhen)(zhen)原）、會(hui)寧(ning)、秦安(an)等地(di)，率兵進蘭州。后起義軍(jun)渡黃河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)進，涼州、莊浪(lang)二衛降。進逼甘州，擊斃巡撫林日(ri)瑞(rui)，甘州遂破。肅州、山丹、永(yong)昌(chang)、鎮(zhen)(zhen)番、莊浪(lang)皆降。至(zhi)此(ci)，陜甘之(zhi)地(di)盡為李自(zi)(zi)成起義軍(jun)所(suo)有。嘉(jia)峪(yu)關(guan)也歸起義軍(jun)掌控。清(qing)順治二年(nian)（1645 年(nian)），靖遠大(da)將軍(jun)英親王阿濟(ji)格西(xi)(xi)(xi)征，下秦隴四十(shi)四城(cheng)。自(zi)(zi)此(ci)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)北四鎮(zhen)(zhen)（延(yan)綏(sui)、寧(ning)夏、固原、甘肅）八(ba)府（西(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)、漢中、延(yan)安(an)、鳳(feng)翔(xiang)、慶陽、平涼、鞏昌(chang)、臨洮）官民，受清(qing)廷管轄。清(qing)順治六年(nian)（1649年(nian)），清(qing)軍(jun)攻破肅州。至(zhi)此(ci)，肅州、嘉(jia)峪(yu)關(guan)并入(ru)清(qing)朝版圖(tu)，面(mian)對(dui)滯(zhi)后的(de)(de)河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)社會(hui)經(jing)濟(ji)和復雜的(de)(de)周邊(bian)局勢，清(qing)朝對(dui)河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)統治政策進行了一系列(lie)調(diao)整(zheng)，徹底扭轉了自(zi)(zi)明(ming)(ming)萬歷(li)以來河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)四面(mian)臨敵的(de)(de)形勢，開創了河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)定(ding)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產和生(sheng)活局面(mian)。