行受(shou)賄犯罪(zui)中(zhong)(zhong)，賄賂雙方有時(shi)會依(yi)托中(zhong)(zhong)間人居間交換(huan)信息、相互引見、溝通關系、撮合條(tiao)件。此(ci)類居間介紹行為(wei)(wei)(wei)，有人認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)應(ying)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)介紹賄賂罪(zui)，有人認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)應(ying)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)行受(shou)賄罪(zui)的共犯，由(you)于二(er)者(zhe)法定(ding)(ding)刑差距較(jiao)大，實踐中(zhong)(zhong)，如何準(zhun)確認(ren)定(ding)(ding)？筆者(zhe)對此(ci)進行了分析，以供討論。

　　一、準確把握介紹賄賂罪的罪質特征，明確與行受賄罪共犯的區分

　　根據刑法(fa)理論，介(jie)紹賄賂罪(zui)是指(zhi)在(zai)行(xing)受(shou)賄雙(shuang)方間溝通關系、撮合條件，促使賄賂實(shi)現(xian)且情節嚴重(zhong)的行(xing)為。

　　一般(ban)認為(wei)，介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)賂本質上是(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)幫助行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)。實踐中，介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)賂罪(zui)(zui)(zui)與(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)犯(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)存(cun)在(zai)以(yi)下區別：主觀(guan)方(fang)面，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)共(gong)(gong)(gong)犯(fan)(fan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)形成(cheng)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)犯(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)故意，認識(shi)到(dao)自己是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)幫助行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)或(huo)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，而介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)賂人(ren)(ren)(ren)明知他人(ren)(ren)(ren)意圖行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)或(huo)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，仍然進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)溝(gou)通(tong)撮合(he)，促成(cheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)實現，并(bing)且，介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)賂人(ren)(ren)(ren)能認識(shi)到(dao)自己是(shi)(shi)(shi)站在(zai)雙方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)、中立的(de)(de)(de)立場介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)賂的(de)(de)(de)。客觀(guan)方(fang)面，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)犯(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)謀取不(bu)正(zheng)當利(li)益，共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)向(xiang)國(guo)家工作人(ren)(ren)(ren)員行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)犯(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)各(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)促成(cheng)為(wei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)謀取利(li)益，并(bing)收受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)賂。介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)賂人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)直接(jie)實施行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)或(huo)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間，居間牽線搭橋、溝(gou)通(tong)聯(lian)絡、撮合(he)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中介(jie)性質的(de)(de)(de)，間接(jie)侵害(hai)了刑(xing)法保護的(de)(de)(de)法益。介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)賂罪(zui)(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)法定最(zui)高刑(xing)低于行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)，其對法益的(de)(de)(de)侵害(hai)程度低于行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)。獲(huo)取利(li)益方(fang)面，與(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)謀取的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)正(zheng)當利(li)益、受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)謀取賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)賂不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)賂人(ren)(ren)(ren)所獲(huo)利(li)益屬于中介(jie)費用性質，具(ju)有獨立性，而行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)犯(fan)(fan)與(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)受(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)追求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)目標相同(tong)(tong)(tong)，利(li)益一致。

　　比如，孫(sun)(sun)某(mou)(mou)(mou)向某(mou)(mou)(mou)人民法院申請(qing)(qing)(qing)執(zhi)行(xing)位于外省的(de)(de)某(mou)(mou)(mou)房(fang)產(chan)，該(gai)法院執(zhi)行(xing)局局長(chang)(chang)王(wang)(wang)某(mou)(mou)(mou)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)拖(tuo)延。孫(sun)(sun)某(mou)(mou)(mou)通過(guo)熟人找到王(wang)(wang)某(mou)(mou)(mou)的(de)(de)同學田(tian)某(mou)(mou)(mou)，請(qing)(qing)(qing)其幫(bang)助協調關系(xi)，并表示愿意支付費用。田(tian)某(mou)(mou)(mou)將(jiang)孫(sun)(sun)某(mou)(mou)(mou)的(de)(de)請(qing)(qing)(qing)求轉達給王(wang)(wang)某(mou)(mou)(mou)，并進行(xing)撮合，王(wang)(wang)某(mou)(mou)(mou)提出需要10萬元(yuan)“路(lu)費”。后田(tian)某(mou)(mou)(mou)將(jiang)王(wang)(wang)某(mou)(mou)(mou)要求轉告孫(sun)(sun)某(mou)(mou)(mou)，孫(sun)(sun)某(mou)(mou)(mou)拿出10萬元(yuan)現(xian)(xian)金請(qing)(qing)(qing)田(tian)某(mou)(mou)(mou)送給王(wang)(wang)某(mou)(mou)(mou)，王(wang)(wang)某(mou)(mou)(mou)隨后赴(fu)該(gai)省執(zhi)行(xing)了該(gai)房(fang)產(chan)。本案中，田(tian)某(mou)(mou)(mou)以中間(jian)(jian)人的(de)(de)立(li)場，在(zai)孫(sun)(sun)某(mou)(mou)(mou)與王(wang)(wang)某(mou)(mou)(mou)之間(jian)(jian)溝通關系(xi)，撮合條件，幫(bang)助傳達請(qing)(qing)(qing)托(tuo)事項、受賄要求，并代為傳遞賄賂款，促成行(xing)受賄的(de)(de)實現(xian)(xian)，應(ying)認(ren)定(ding)為介紹賄賂罪。

　　二、實踐中，應具體分析介紹行為的性質特征，綜合考量行為人對行受賄發生所起的作用，做到精準認定

　　根據(ju)上述對介(jie)紹賄(hui)(hui)賂(lu)(lu)行為(wei)特征的分(fen)析不難看出(chu)，介(jie)紹賄(hui)(hui)賂(lu)(lu)人是以中立的立場(chang)，通過實施溝通、撮合(he)等性質(zhi)的幫助行為(wei)，促成行受(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)犯罪(zui)(zui)的發(fa)生。實踐中，應準確把握介(jie)紹賄(hui)(hui)賂(lu)(lu)罪(zui)(zui)的罪(zui)(zui)質(zhi)特征，將對行受(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)的發(fa)生所(suo)起的作用作為(wei)主要考量(liang)因素，避免將造成法益侵害(hai)重的行受(shou)(shou)賄(hui)(hui)共同(tong)犯罪(zui)(zui)認(ren)定為(wei)介(jie)紹賄(hui)(hui)賂(lu)(lu)罪(zui)(zui)。

　　首先(xian)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為人在介紹中(zhong)，實(shi)施(shi)了行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受賄實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)犯(fan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為的(de)(de)，不宜(yi)認(ren)定為介紹賄賂(lu)(lu)罪(zui)(zui)。比如：胡(hu)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)系(xi)駕校負責(ze)人，鄭(zheng)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)系(xi)交警大隊輔警，負責(ze)對(dui)(dui)報名(ming)駕駛員理論考(kao)試的(de)(de)學(xue)員進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)身體檢查，并(bing)協(xie)助(zhu)民警監考(kao)等工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。胡(hu)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)與(yu)鄭(zheng)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)商(shang)量，讓其照顧某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)些攜帶作(zuo)(zuo)弊工(gong)具的(de)(de)考(kao)生，必要時把(ba)考(kao)場內信(xin)號屏蔽(bi)儀關(guan)掉(diao)。胡(hu)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)提出，每照顧一個(ge)考(kao)生支付600元(yuan)(yuan)好處費，鄭(zheng)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)同意。其間，胡(hu)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)通過手機(ji)將相關(guan)考(kao)生的(de)(de)信(xin)息發給(gei)鄭(zheng)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)，并(bing)將考(kao)生委托(tuo)所送的(de)(de)好處費9萬余元(yuan)(yuan)送給(gei)鄭(zheng)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)。鄭(zheng)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)對(dui)(dui)這些考(kao)生給(gei)予了照顧。本案(an)中(zhong)，胡(hu)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)形式上(shang)是在考(kao)生與(yu)鄭(zheng)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)之間傳遞信(xin)息、撮合條(tiao)件，但實(shi)際上(shang)實(shi)施(shi)了作(zuo)(zuo)為行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄罪(zui)(zui)構成要件的(de)(de)全部實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為：向鄭(zheng)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)提出謀取不正當利益(yi)的(de)(de)請(qing)托(tuo)事項，商(shang)談行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄條(tiao)件并(bing)送給(gei)鄭(zheng)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)賄賂(lu)(lu)款。與(yu)考(kao)生相比，胡(hu)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)對(dui)(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)發生起到實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)犯(fan)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，具有正犯(fan)的(de)(de)地位，直(zhi)接侵害了刑法保護的(de)(de)法益(yi)，因此，應認(ren)定胡(hu)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)構成行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)賄罪(zui)(zui)。

　　其次(ci)，行(xing)(xing)為(wei)人(ren)在(zai)介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)賄(hui)賂中(zhong)(zhong)，與(yu)行(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)賄(hui)人(ren)一方通(tong)(tong)謀并實施了(le)超越中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)幫(bang)助行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，不宜認定(ding)為(wei)介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)賄(hui)賂罪。實踐中(zhong)(zhong)，行(xing)(xing)為(wei)人(ren)僅在(zai)請托人(ren)與(yu)國(guo)家工(gong)作人(ren)員之間(jian)牽線搭橋的(de)(de)(de)(de)情形較少，往往還與(yu)行(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)賄(hui)人(ren)一方共謀，并為(wei)行(xing)(xing)受(shou)(shou)賄(hui)人(ren)實施一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幫(bang)助行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。比如：趙某(mou)(mou)、錢(qian)(qian)某(mou)(mou)均(jun)系交(jiao)(jiao)警大隊輔警，系同事。錢(qian)(qian)某(mou)(mou)在(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)違(wei)章(zhang)處(chu)理窗(chuang)口工(gong)作，負責處(chu)理非現(xian)場(chang)查處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)違(wei)章(zhang)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。趙某(mou)(mou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)朋友(you)張某(mou)(mou)從事車輛中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)代(dai)理，幫(bang)人(ren)處(chu)理非現(xian)場(chang)查處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)違(wei)章(zhang)事務。錢(qian)(qian)某(mou)(mou)在(zai)趙某(mou)(mou)勸說撮合下(xia)同意與(yu)趙某(mou)(mou)一起幫(bang)助張某(mou)(mou)違(wei)法處(chu)理他人(ren)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)違(wei)章(zhang)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，并按照(zhao)每銷一分(fen)30元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準收受(shou)(shou)好處(chu)。此后，張某(mou)(mou)分(fen)批次(ci)將好處(chu)費共計(ji)40萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)送(song)給(gei)趙某(mou)(mou)，趙某(mou)(mou)、錢(qian)(qian)某(mou)(mou)經商議，決定(ding)其中(zhong)(zhong)30萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)歸錢(qian)(qian)某(mou)(mou)，10萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)作為(wei)“介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)費”歸趙某(mou)(mou)。

　　本案(an)中(zhong)，筆者認(ren)為，趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)與(yu)(yu)錢(qian)(qian)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)構(gou)成(cheng)受賄共(gong)同(tong)犯罪(zui)，共(gong)同(tong)受賄數額為40萬元(yuan)。客觀上(shang)，趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)與(yu)(yu)錢(qian)(qian)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)通過各自的行為，共(gong)同(tong)幫(bang)助張某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)處理交(jiao)通違(wei)章(zhang)，并共(gong)同(tong)收受、占有(you)(you)賄賂款。主觀上(shang)，趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)與(yu)(yu)錢(qian)(qian)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)通謀(mou)，就受賄的內容與(yu)(yu)形(xing)式(shi)、分配(pei)賄賂的比例等達成(cheng)一致。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)雖(sui)然(ran)也是在錢(qian)(qian)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)與(yu)(yu)張某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)之(zhi)間牽線搭橋(qiao)和引薦，但不宜認(ren)定為介(jie)紹賄賂罪(zui)：一方(fang)面，趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)和錢(qian)(qian)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)有(you)(you)共(gong)同(tong)的利益訴(su)求，其居(ju)間介(jie)紹已不具有(you)(you)中(zhong)立(li)性(xing)；另(ling)一方(fang)面，趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)對受賄罪(zui)的發(fa)生所起到的幫(bang)助作用，已超(chao)越“溝通、撮合(he)”的范疇(chou)。

　　再次，行為人在介紹中，對他人進行教唆并致其實行行受賄犯罪的，不宜認定為介紹賄賂罪。實踐中，如果行為人在請托人或國家工作人員沒有賄賂犯罪意圖的情況下，積極勸說、引誘、慫恿他人產生賄賂的犯意，并積極代為送予或收受賄賂物的，則超出了介紹賄賂罪主客觀范疇，行為人無論主觀惡性，還是社會危害性，都大于介紹賄賂罪，按照罪刑相適應的原則，不宜將此種情形認定為介紹賄賂罪。根據刑法共同犯罪理論，行為人可以成立行受賄犯罪的教唆犯，并應按照其在共同犯罪中所起的作用予以處罰。（作者：車德文(wen)）