《巴蜀全書》：中華文明尋(xun)根溯源新嘗(chang)試(shi)

　　文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻是文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的主(zhu)要(yao)載體(ti)，收集整理經典古籍是推動(dong)思想、學術進(jin)步的重(zhong)要(yao)途徑。國家社(she)科基金立項(xiang)資助(zhu)《巴(ba)蜀全書》旨在(zai)調查整理中華文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)重(zhong)要(yao)發源地(di)——巴(ba)蜀地(di)區的歷史文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻,為增強文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)自(zi)信(xin)、建設文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)強國貢獻力量。項(xiang)目啟動(dong)10年(nian)來，相關(guan)工(gong)作(zuo)已基本達到預(yu)期效(xiao)果。

　　摸(mo)清(qing)家(jia)底,初戰告捷(jie)。通(tong)過查閱古(gu)今書(shu)目(mu)，走(zou)訪(fang)公私藏(zang)(zang)家(jia)，我們(men)收集(ji)(ji)、甄別、分(fen)類川渝所(suo)藏(zang)(zang)古(gu)籍信息(xi)50余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)萬(wan)條(tiao)，全國所(suo)藏(zang)(zang)巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)目(mu)錄(lu)5萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)則，基本(ben)摸(mo)清(qing)巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)歷史文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)曾(ceng)有數量以及現(xian)存(cun)(cun)巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)版(ban)(ban)本(ben)和收藏(zang)(zang)情況(kuang)。統(tong)計出歷史上曾(ceng)有巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)古(gu)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)10000種以上,現(xian)在(zai)保存(cun)(cun)下來(lai)的(de)約(yue)5000余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)種。仿照《文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)通(tong)考(kao)》《經義考(kao)》體(ti)例,編(bian)撰《巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)通(tong)考(kao)》。調查現(xian)存(cun)(cun)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)收藏(zang)(zang)狀況(kuang),為(wei)5000余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)種巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)古(gu)籍編(bian)制(zhi)《版(ban)(ban)本(ben)目(mu)錄(lu)》；翻檢各種圖書(shu)內(nei)容，考(kao)察學術價值,為(wei)1200余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)種優秀(xiu)圖書(shu)撰寫(xie)《內(nei)容提(ti)要(yao)》；再(zai)精選其中(zhong)內(nei)容充實(shi)的(de)圖書(shu)500余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)種，用現(xian)代范式標點校勘(kan)，編(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)“精品集(ji)(ji)萃”，整(zheng)理(li)字數達(da)3億(yi)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)字；鑒于巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)地(di)區雕版(ban)(ban)印(yin)刷發達(da),留下許多雕印(yin)精良(liang)的(de)宋版(ban)(ban)元槧,我們(men)又精挑若(ruo)干種，編(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)“珍稀善本(ben)”予以再(zai)造重版(ban)(ban)。整(zheng)理(li)成(cheng)(cheng)果已由中(zhong)華書(shu)局、上海(hai)古(gu)籍出版(ban)(ban)社等(deng)出版(ban)(ban)260余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)種300余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冊,其中(zhong)《宋會要(yao)輯稿》《廖平全集(ji)(ji)》《三蘇經解(jie)集(ji)(ji)校》《蘇軾(shi)全集(ji)(ji)校注》等(deng)，曾(ceng)獲(huo)教育部及四川省(sheng)政(zheng)府社科(ke)優秀(xiu)成(cheng)(cheng)果一(yi)二等(deng)獎、全國優秀(xiu)古(gu)籍圖書(shu)獎等(deng)10余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)項獎項。

　　精(jing)心分(fen)(fen)類(lei)，構建體系。由于歷(li)史上巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)從未被系統(tong)(tong)整理過,編(bian)(bian)纂《巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)全書》必(bi)須對這些散見的文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進行(xing)收集分(fen)(fen)類(lei)。我們撰著(zhu)《巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)要(yao)覽》《蜀(shu)學(xue)與文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)》專著(zhu)，系統(tong)(tong)探(tan)討了巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的歷(li)史面(mian)(mian)貌(mao)和演變軌跡；將傳統(tong)(tong)目錄分(fen)(fen)類(lei)和現代科學(xue)研究相結合(he),古文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)仍按(an)經(jing)、史、子(zi)、集、叢編(bian)(bian)目,近當代文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)則按(an)哲學(xue)、歷(li)史、文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)、語言、民族、宗教(jiao)、科技、綜合(he)等分(fen)(fen)編(bian)(bian)。大小類(lei)前冠以“敘”“論”介(jie)紹其淵源，所收各(ge)書皆撰“提要(yao)”“前言”介(jie)紹其內容，形成內容全面(mian)(mian)、古今兼(jian)顧的巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)體系。

　　整理研究,雙管齊(qi)下。《巴蜀(shu)全書(shu)》既(ji)是(shi)文(wen)獻整理工作,也是(shi)巴蜀(shu)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)研究工作。一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，項目組對所選圖書(shu)進(jin)行(xing)精心(xin)校勘(kan),如《宋(song)會要(yao)輯(ji)稿》（底本系南宋(song)蜀(shu)人張崇祖(zu)、李心(xin)傳所編(bian)《總類國(guo)朝(chao)會要(yao)》）是(shi)據清人從《永(yong)樂大典》輯(ji)出的(de)抄本影(ying)印,編(bian)輯(ji)錯(cuo)亂,字(zi)跡模糊,向稱難讀(du)。在整理過(guo)程中(zhong)，我們(men)除了對其施加新式標點,重新排印外,還(huan)鉤(gou)稽(ji)考索,廣征博引,對其中(zhong)訛奪衍倒進(jin)行(xing)校勘(kan),撰寫校記(ji)多(duo)達30000余(yu)條(tiao)，保證其真實可靠(kao)。另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，隨著研究工作的(de)深入進(jin)行(xing),我們(men)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多(duo)地(di)發現(xian)中(zhong)華文(wen)化(hua)的(de)一(yi)些重要(yao)發明(ming)創造或始于(yu)巴蜀(shu)。比(bi)如，首(shou)(shou)部(bu)“陰陽(yang)”經(jing)典《連山》,首(shou)(shou)篇“五行(xing)”文(wen)獻《洪范》,中(zhong)國(guo)詩歌第一(yi)唱“候人兮猗”的(de)《南音(yin)》，首(shou)(shou)部(bu)志怪(guai)地(di)理《山海經(jing)》,首(shou)(shou)部(bu)體例完備的(de)方(fang)志《華陽(yang)國(guo)志》,首(shou)(shou)部(bu)詞集《花間集》,儒家首(shou)(shou)次《十三經(jing)》結(jie)集,佛教《大藏(zang)經(jing)》首(shou)(shou)次雕版,都率先完成(cheng)于(yu)巴蜀(shu)，為文(wen)化(hua)溯源提(ti)供了證據。

　　文物互(hu)證，解決懸疑。《周(zhou)禮(li)》載(zai)太(tai)(tai)卜(bu)“掌三易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)法，一(yi)曰(yue)《連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》，二曰(yue)《歸(gui)(gui)藏》，三曰(yue)《周(zhou)易(yi)(yi)》。其經卦皆八，其別(bie)卦皆六十(shi)有(you)四(si)”。東漢鄭(zheng)玄注：“夏曰(yue)《連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》，殷曰(yue)《歸(gui)(gui)藏》，周(zhou)曰(yue)《周(zhou)易(yi)(yi)》。”這(zhe)與(yu)《山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)海經》佚文“伏羲氏得‘河圖’，夏后氏因之(zhi)為《連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》”吻合。由于《連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》《歸(gui)(gui)藏》早佚，內容面貌不清。我們從(cong)唐人(ren)注疏略知《連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》有(you)許多(duo)夏代(dai)故事(shi)(shi)，但缺(que)乏其與(yu)巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)關系的(de)(de)佐證。根據三星堆(dui)“青(qing)銅(tong)神壇(tan)”的(de)(de)“天(tian)、地、人(ren)”結構(gou)，我們發現(xian)這(zhe)與(yu)《華陽(yang)(yang)國志(zhi)》所載(zai)古(gu)巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)人(ren)“天(tian)皇(huang)、地皇(huang)、人(ren)皇(huang)”信仰正好吻合，說明“三才(cai)合一(yi)”觀(guan)念(nian)在巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)淵源甚(shen)古(gu)。再考察“神壇(tan)”圓形底(di)座(zuo)(zuo)酷似“太(tai)(tai)極”，其上(shang)(shang)(shang)首(shou)尾銜接的(de)(de)兩(liang)個怪獸實(shi)像“兩(liang)儀(yi)”，再上(shang)(shang)(shang)四(si)個立人(ren)又像“四(si)象”，立人(ren)頭頂(ding)四(si)座(zuo)(zuo)連(lian)峰合圍則像“連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”，連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)又有(you)四(si)方形天(tian)庭，每方還有(you)舞(wu)姿翩(pian)躚的(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)個立人(ren)。整座(zuo)(zuo)銅(tong)像與(yu)《周(zhou)易(yi)(yi)·系辭(ci)》“易(yi)(yi)有(you)太(tai)(tai)極，是(shi)生(sheng)兩(liang)儀(yi)，兩(liang)儀(yi)生(sheng)四(si)象，四(si)象生(sheng)八卦（《連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》‘經卦皆八’），八卦定吉(ji)兇，吉(ji)兇成大業”的(de)(de)宇宙生(sheng)成論和易(yi)(yi)道演化說若合符(fu)契(qi)，同時銅(tong)器的(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)級構(gou)建和四(si)方五(wu)(wu)人(ren)還帶上(shang)(shang)(shang)了巴(ba)(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)“五(wu)(wu)行(xing)”觀(guan)念(nian)的(de)(de)烙印。這(zhe)或(huo)許是(shi)“興于西(xi)羌”的(de)(de)大禹制作(zuo)《連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》后的(de)(de)文化遺存（或(huo)“連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文化”的(de)(de)器物表達）。可見(jian)，“禹制《連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》”史有(you)其事(shi)(shi)，“生(sheng)于廣柔”的(de)(de)大禹正是(shi)繼承(cheng)了古(gu)蜀(shu)(shu)“陰陽(yang)(yang)”“三才(cai)”“五(wu)(wu)行(xing)”“太(tai)(tai)極”等觀(guan)念(nian)才(cai)制作(zuo)出了《連(lian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》。

　　巴(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)是中華(hua)文明(ming)重要發祥(xiang)地。《巴(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)全書》的(de)出(chu)版,必將為古代文明(ming)的(de)尋根溯源以(yi)及當代不斷堅(jian)定(ding)文化自(zi)信提(ti)供(gong)豐富鮮活(huo)的(de)史料。（作者：舒大(da)剛，系國家社(she)科基金重大(da)委托項目(mu)“《巴(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)全書》”首席專家，四(si)川大(da)學(xue)古籍整(zheng)理研究所所長、《儒藏》主(zhu)編）