古詩詞里的兒童
年(nian)齡越(yue)大(da),越(yue)懷(huai)念(nian)童(tong)年(nian)的純真。一次(ci)次(ci)回味童(tong)年(nian),又(you)一次(ci)次(ci)抖落在唐(tang)詩(shi)宋詞里。
賀(he)知章的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《回鄉(xiang)偶書》:“兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)相見不(bu)相識,笑(xiao)問客從何處(chu)來(lai)。”故(gu)(gu)鄉(xiang),記載了童(tong)(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太多故(gu)(gu)事,故(gu)(gu)鄉(xiang),是(shi)童(tong)(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂園(yuan)(yuan),是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)后停泊港。在(zai)(zai)那遙遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記憶里,童(tong)(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)美好(hao)得(de)像是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)處(chu)夢境。幾十年(nian)(nian)(nian)后回鄉(xiang),成了兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陌(mo)生(sheng)人,驚異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眼神,沒(mei)有(you)(you)畏懼(ju),只(zhi)有(you)(you)那些幻想(xiang)若游弋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱帶魚,一(yi)(yi)(yi)次次地來(lai)來(lai)去(qu)去(qu)里多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)鄉(xiang)愁。詩(shi)(shi)人以(yi)孩(hai)童(tong)(tong)(tong)之(zhi)真(zhen)(zhen)襯久違歸(gui)鄉(xiang)之(zhi)慨,笑(xiao)談(tan)中(zhong)蘊含無(wu)限傷感。于鵠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《巴(ba)女(nv)(nv)(nv)謠》:“巴(ba)女(nv)(nv)(nv)騎牛(niu)唱(chang)竹枝,藕絲(si)菱葉傍江時(shi)。”女(nv)(nv)(nv)孩(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天真(zhen)(zhen)與自(zi)信(xin)都在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)者眼中(zhong)童(tong)(tong)(tong)趣(qu)盎(ang)然,情韻(yun)別致。施肩吾(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《幼女(nv)(nv)(nv)詞》:“幼女(nv)(nv)(nv)才六歲,未(wei)知巧與拙。”學其(qi)形而(er)不(bu)知其(qi)意,嫩嫩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心靈,萌動一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣美麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)童(tong)(tong)(tong)話,給生(sheng)活增加(jia)添情趣(qu)。白居易的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《池上二絕》:“小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)娃(wa)(wa)撐小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)艇,偷采白蓮(lian)回。”小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)娃(wa)(wa)偷采白蓮(lian)而(er)回,謹慎(shen)里卻露出行跡,童(tong)(tong)(tong)真(zhen)(zhen)之(zhi)趣(qu)盡(jin)在(zai)(zai)言中(zhong)。盧(lu)肇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《牧(mu)童(tong)(tong)(tong)》:“誰人得(de)似牧(mu)童(tong)(tong)(tong)心,牛(niu)上橫眠秋聽深。”牧(mu)童(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)由(you)自(zi)在(zai)(zai),無(wu)欲(yu)無(wu)求,是(shi)詩(shi)(shi)人大(da)(da)徹(che)大(da)(da)悟(wu)后追求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寧靜。葉紹(shao)翁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《夜(ye)書所(suo)見》:“知有(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)挑促織(zhi),夜(ye)深籬(li)落一(yi)(yi)(yi)燈明。”詩(shi)(shi)人筆觸天真(zhen)(zhen),靈動自(zi)然,畫面(mian)清(qing)新(xin),涌現濃(nong)(nong)濃(nong)(nong)思鄉(xiang)情。范成大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《田(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)雜興》:“童(tong)(tong)(tong)孫未(wei)解供耕織(zhi),也(ye)傍桑(sang)陰學種(zhong)瓜。”詩(shi)(shi)人深入(ru)鄉(xiang)村,跟隨村人白天田(tian)里鋤草,夜(ye)晚家(jia)中(zhong)搓麻,村中(zhong)男女(nv)(nv)(nv)勞動家(jia)務。孩(hai)子不(bu)會耕田(tian)織(zhi)布,自(zi)在(zai)(zai)桑(sang)樹蔭下學種(zhong)瓜,畫面(mian)天真(zhen)(zhen)童(tong)(tong)(tong)趣(qu)。楊萬里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《宿新(xin)市徐公店(dian)》:“兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)急走(zou)追黃蝶,飛(fei)入(ru)菜花(hua)無(wu)處(chu)尋。”兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)之(zhi)喧鬧和可愛盡(jin)入(ru)作(zuo)者眼中(zhong),兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)游玩有(you)(you)趣(qu)。曹義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《題(ti)牛(niu)背牧(mu)童(tong)(tong)(tong)》:“兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)慣識林(lin)塘(tang)路,縱(zong)著鞭(bian)繩月下歸(gui)。”牧(mu)童(tong)(tong)(tong)路熟,故(gu)(gu)而(er)不(bu)急不(bu)躁,怡然自(zi)得(de),牧(mu)童(tong)(tong)(tong)悠(you)然得(de)很。高鼎(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《村居》:“兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)散(san)學歸(gui)來(lai)早,忙趁東風(feng)放紙(zhi)鳶。”這是(shi)名篇(pian)。初(chu)春之(zhi)景(jing),初(chu)春之(zhi)人,詩(shi)(shi)意盎(ang)然,如坐其(qi)中(zhong),如聞春風(feng)。這詩(shi)(shi)是(shi)讓我自(zi)己像一(yi)(yi)(yi)個孩(hai)子一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,僅僅是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孩(hai)子,在(zai)(zai)村莊寂寥而(er)空曠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)懷里,安詳呼吸(xi)、玩耍,簡單地歡(huan)笑(xiao),擁(yong)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個飛(fei)向天空的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夢想(xiang)。
童年(nian)總是在(zai)(zai)詩(shi)里悄然無聲地逝去(qu)了,擁(yong)有的(de)(de)和失去(qu)的(de)(de)同時(shi)存在(zai)(zai)而又同時(shi)消失。辛棄疾的(de)(de)《清(qing)平(ping)樂》:“最喜小兒(er)無賴(lai),溪頭臥(wo)剝蓮蓬(peng)。”詩(shi)人閑居農村,云淡(dan)風輕(qing),詩(shi)句深入生活(huo),兒(er)童的(de)(de)調皮耍(shua)賴(lai),畫(hua)面清(qing)新可愛,蘊含(han)詩(shi)人樂觀之態(tai)。很有生活(huo)情趣。詩(shi)人總是在(zai)(zai)一個(ge)風煙清(qing)寂的(de)(de)傍(bang)晚,讓思念疊成(cheng)長長的(de)(de)路,鋪(pu)向親近的(de)(de)村莊,和村莊里稚拙潔凈的(de)(de)頑皮童年(nian),這真實的(de)(de)寫照是其(qi)他(ta)詩(shi)人詞人所(suo)不能企(qi)及的(de)(de)。
□王金玉
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