原標題：古絲綢之路的(de)必經(jing)之道——隴山(shan)古道

　　□張雙鎖

　　古絲綢(chou)之路從長安(an)出(chu)發，要(yao)到(dao)達中亞、中東和歐洲，第一(yi)個目(mu)的(de)地是(shi)隴(long)西（今甘肅(su)臨(lin)洮），第一(yi)道(dao)障礙是(shi)關(guan)山。“關(guan)山難越”，古人(ren)是(shi)怎樣翻越關(guan)山的(de)？這(zhe)與(yu)秦(qin)漢(han)以(yi)來(lai)的(de)隴(long)山古道(dao)密切相關(guan)。而秦(qin)漢(han)隴(long)山古道(dao)又(you)是(shi)什么樣子呢？它縱(zong)橫(heng)交錯(cuo)，橫(heng)向的(de)有木峽道(dao)、雞頭(tou)道(dao)、番須道(dao)、隴(long)坻道(dao)，縱(zong)向的(de)有回中道(dao)。

　　然而，要弄(nong)清隴(long)山(shan)古道，必(bi)先(xian)弄(nong)清隴(long)山(shan)與關(guan)山(shan)。隴(long)山(shan)之名，始見于(yu)先(xian)秦。其(qi)山(shan)由北到南，縱貫寧夏、甘肅、陜(shan)西三省區，全長240公里。正如(ru)(ru)《古今圖書(shu)集成(cheng)》所言：它(ta)“北連大(da)漠，南接汧隴(long)。”隴(long)山(shan)，今稱六盤山(shan)。俯(fu)瞰(kan)六盤山(shan)一帶(dai)，丘陵起伏(fu)，連綿不絕，其(qi)勢(shi)如(ru)(ru)波(bo)濤(tao)如(ru)(ru)大(da)海。而六盤山(shan)則恰(qia)似(si)一條巨(ju)龍(long)，騰(teng)躍于(yu)其(qi)大(da)海之中。

　　六盤(pan)山(shan)南端，古(gu)稱小隴山(shan)，亦稱關山(shan)。它(ta)從寧夏固原，經甘肅的(de)平涼(liang)、天(tian)水(shui)(shui)，到陜(shan)西寶雞(ji)，全長100公里。其間有六盤(pan)山(shan)（小六盤(pan)山(shan)）、米缸山(shan)、桃木(mu)山(shan)、五臺(tai)山(shan)四(si)(si)峰并峙(zhi)，有頡水(shui)(shui)之源、涇水(shui)(shui)之源、汭水(shui)(shui)之源、千水(shui)(shui)之源四(si)(si)水(shui)(shui)并出。

　　所(suo)謂隴山古道，實為關(guan)(guan)(guan)山古道。關(guan)(guan)(guan)中為久都之(zhi)地。《穆天子傳(chuan)》稱關(guan)(guan)(guan)山為“關(guan)(guan)(guan)隥(deng)”。《史(shi)記(ji)·年表(biao)》說關(guan)(guan)(guan)中有“四塞”，其中北蕭關(guan)(guan)(guan)即在關(guan)(guan)(guan)山。由此而言，關(guan)(guan)(guan)山之(zhi)名當由此演變而來。而南北朝(chao)時，一句“關(guan)(guan)(guan)山度若飛”，流傳(chuan)至今。

　　木(mu)(mu)峽(xia)道(dao)(dao)，因木(mu)(mu)峽(xia)關而得(de)名(ming)。它地(di)(di)處寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏原州海子峽(xia)，是(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)蕭關所在(zai)地(di)(di)，是(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)王朝與匈奴(nu)拉鋸(ju)戰的(de)臨界點。這(zhe)里是(shi)翻越隴(long)(long)(long)(long)山的(de)重要(yao)隘口(kou)，也是(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)隴(long)(long)(long)(long)山古道(dao)(dao)中最(zui)平坦的(de)一(yi)條。它是(shi)金(jin)代開通六(liu)盤道(dao)(dao)之前最(zui)興盛(sheng)的(de)一(yi)條隴(long)(long)(long)(long)山古道(dao)(dao)。《史(shi)(shi)記(ji)》載：“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)始皇(huang)(huang)二十七年（公(gong)(gong)元前220年）始皇(huang)(huang)巡(xun)隴(long)(long)(long)(long)西、北(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)，出雞頭山，過(guo)回中焉。”這(zhe)是(shi)記(ji)載秦(qin)(qin)(qin)始皇(huang)(huang)統一(yi)六(liu)國后第一(yi)次巡(xun)邊之事。其“隴(long)(long)(long)(long)西、北(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)”為秦(qin)(qin)(qin)始皇(huang)(huang)出行(xing)時(shi)所走路(lu)線(xian)，即(ji)從(cong)咸(xian)陽(yang)出發，經北(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)（甘肅(su)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)），沿秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國與匈奴(nu)邊界（以寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏彭陽(yang)長城為標志），經木(mu)(mu)峽(xia)道(dao)(dao)而翻越隴(long)(long)(long)(long)山，進而到達(da)隴(long)(long)(long)(long)西。《史(shi)(shi)記(ji)·匈奴(nu)列傳》載：“孝文皇(huang)(huang)帝十四(si)年（公(gong)(gong)元前166年），匈奴(nu)單于十四(si)萬(wan)騎入朝那(nei)、蕭關，殺北(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)都(dou)尉卬，虜人民畜產甚多，遂至彭陽(yang)。使騎兵(bing)入燒回中宮，候騎至雍(yong)、甘泉。”這(zhe)次匈奴(nu)入侵，所走之路(lu)即(ji)為木(mu)(mu)峽(xia)道(dao)(dao)。《周書·太祖本紀》載：“北(bei)(bei)(bei)魏(wei)(wei)永熙三(san)年（公(gong)(gong)元534年）宇文泰討侯(hou)莫(mo)陳悅，引兵(bing)上隴(long)(long)(long)(long)，兵(bing)出木(mu)(mu)峽(xia)關，天雨雪，平地(di)(di)二尺。”時(shi)宇文泰在(zai)平涼(liang)（郡治(zhi)在(zai)今寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏彭陽(yang)紅河川），侯(hou)莫(mo)陳悅在(zai)水洛（今甘肅(su)莊浪縣(xian)城）。由此(ci)可見，北(bei)(bei)(bei)魏(wei)(wei)時(shi)由平涼(liang)到水洛，所走之路(lu)為木(mu)(mu)峽(xia)道(dao)(dao)。

　　雞(ji)(ji)頭(tou)道(dao)，因(yin)雞(ji)(ji)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)得名(ming)。其(qi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)以涇水(shui)之源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)標(biao)(biao)志。據(ju)《山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經(jing)》記(ji)(ji)載，涇水(shui)之源(yuan)在(zai)(zai)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)（今(jin)米缸山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)）。但據(ju)明代(dai)《平涼府志》記(ji)(ji)載，雞(ji)(ji)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)與高(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)卻并(bing)(bing)非一(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。且看其(qi)文：“又(you)北曰烏龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，其(qi)上曰笄(ji)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，下(xia)有(you)(you)百泉流為(wei)(wei)(wei)涇，今(jin)號南山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。河底西(xi)北之山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，《山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經(jing)》所稱(cheng)(cheng)也。”其(qi)中(zhong)所缺“之”字，當為(wei)(wei)(wei)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之“高(gao)”。比較而(er)言，《山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經(jing)》所說(shuo)(shuo)涇水(shui)之源(yuan)當為(wei)(wei)(wei)泛(fan)稱(cheng)(cheng)，而(er)《平涼府志》所說(shuo)(shuo)涇水(shui)之源(yuan)當為(wei)(wei)(wei)確指。故(gu)而(er)雞(ji)(ji)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)又(you)有(you)(you)峣(yao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、奚山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、幵（jian）頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、薄落山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、笄(ji)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、牽屯山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之稱(cheng)(cheng)。以雞(ji)(ji)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)標(biao)(biao)志，雞(ji)(ji)頭(tou)道(dao)東(dong)口當為(wei)(wei)(wei)崆峒山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)后(hou)峽(xia)，西(xi)口當為(wei)(wei)(wei)寧夏涇源(yuan)與甘肅莊(zhuang)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)接壤的(de)凉殿峽(xia)。此(ci)(ci)峽(xia)唐(tang)代(dai)稱(cheng)(cheng)安(an)化(hua)(hua)峽(xia)，故(gu)而(er)雞(ji)(ji)頭(tou)道(dao)又(you)有(you)(you)安(an)化(hua)(hua)道(dao)之稱(cheng)(cheng)。據(ju)《史記(ji)(ji)》記(ji)(ji)載，黃帝(di)、秦(qin)始皇曾登(deng)臨(lin)雞(ji)(ji)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。據(ju)《后(hou)漢(han)書·隗囂傳(chuan)》記(ji)(ji)載，東(dong)漢(han)建(jian)武八年（公元(yuan)(yuan)32年），隗囂為(wei)(wei)(wei)阻漢(han)軍西(xi)進曾分兵(bing)鎮(zhen)守隴山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)諸道(dao)，其(qi)中(zhong)就有(you)(you)雞(ji)(ji)頭(tou)道(dao)。據(ju)《新唐(tang)書·吐蕃(fan)傳(chuan)》記(ji)(ji)載：“李晟嘗撼大木(mu)塞(sai)安(an)化(hua)(hua)峽(xia)隘處，虜過(guo)悉(xi)焚(fen)之。”又(you)載：吐蕃(fan)于(yu)“貞元(yuan)(yuan)三年入關山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)寶雞(ji)(ji)，掠汧(qian)陽、華亭(ting)萬人(ren)，置于(yu)安(an)化(hua)(hua)峽(xia)，令東(dong)向辭國(guo)，眾痛哭，投(tou)崖谷死者數(shu)千(qian)。”《續資治通鑒(jian)》載：“安(an)化(hua)(hua)峽(xia)一(yi)(yi)帶，上隔隴山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，并(bing)(bing)通水(shui)洛城，即唐(tang)吐蕃(fan)出入之路。”元(yuan)(yuan)初蒙古軍在(zai)(zai)六盤山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)建(jian)立軍事(shi)基地，在(zai)(zai)莊(zhuang)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)南湖鎮(zhen)置莊(zhuang)浪(lang)(lang)(lang)路，又(you)把(ba)涼殿峽(xia)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)避暑勝地，建(jian)有(you)(you)清暑樓，如元(yuan)(yuan)太祖成吉(ji)思(si)汗、憲宗蒙哥、世祖忽必(bi)烈曾在(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)避暑。

　　番(fan)(fan)須(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)道，因番(fan)(fan)須(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)口(kou)(kou)（亦稱(cheng)張棉(mian)驛(yi)，今稱(cheng)店峽）而得名。從(cong)莊浪韓店鎮起(qi)步，經(jing)店峽，逆南(nan)洛(luo)河而上，過(guo)鹽(yan)場子，越甘肅華亭(ting)(ting)五臺山，過(guo)罐子峽，可(ke)直(zhi)達麻庵河谷。據(ju)(ju)《后漢(han)書·隗囂傳(chuan)》記載(zai)，東漢(han)建武八年(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)32年(nian)），劉(liu)秀御駕(jia)親征，隗囂“守(shou)番(fan)(fan)須(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)”，迫(po)使漢(han)軍敗退(tui)(tui)。同(tong)年(nian)，漢(han)將來(lai)歙“合二千余(yu)人，伐山開道，從(cong)番(fan)(fan)須(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)、回中徑(jing)至略陽”，隗囂驚(jing)呼“天(tian)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)至矣”！三國時，街亭(ting)(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)戰，就(jiu)發生在番(fan)(fan)須(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)口(kou)(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)前的韓店鎮，因為只有“塞番(fan)(fan)須(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)口(kou)(kou)”，才可(ke)扼番(fan)(fan)須(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)道，舍(she)此別無他(ta)途。據(ju)(ju)《舊唐書》記載(zai)，唐貞元(yuan)三年(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)787年(nian)），吐蕃(fan)沿(yan)番(fan)(fan)須(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)道越關山圍攻(gong)(gong)華亭(ting)(ting)，唐將王(wang)仙鶴率兵(bing)(bing)(bing)民三千多人困守(shou)孤城(cheng)(cheng)，四天(tian)后城(cheng)(cheng)破，吐蕃(fan)“焚廬(lu)舍(she)，毀城(cheng)(cheng)壁，虜士眾(zhong)(zhong)十之(zhi)(zhi)三四，收(shou)丁壯棄老而去。”南(nan)宋(song)紹(shao)興三十一年(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)1130年(nian)），吳璘率軍大(da)舉反攻(gong)(gong)金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)，已收(shou)取(qu)關隴3軍14州(zhou)。而當攻(gong)(gong)下(xia)瓦亭(ting)(ting)（在寧夏西吉）、德順州(zhou)（在寧夏隆德）后，金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)退(tui)(tui)居水(shui)洛(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)，正打(da)算從(cong)番(fan)(fan)須(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)道逃跑時，宋(song)廷卻下(xia)了(le)班師的詔令，吳璘揮淚而歸，反遭(zao)敗退(tui)(tui)的金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)伏擊，致使宋(song)軍損失3萬(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)(zhong)，所收(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)也被(bei)金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)重新占領。

　　隴(long)(long)(long)坻(chi)道(dao)，因地(di)處隴(long)(long)(long)山之(zhi)坡而得名，隘(ai)口為(wei)固關(guan)峽。其(qi)東可經隴(long)(long)(long)縣到(dao)達咸陽(yang)，西可翻越關(guan)山到(dao)達涼州刺史部（今(jin)甘肅張川縣城）。《后漢書·祭遵傳》載(zai)：“建武六年（公(gong)(gong)元30年），隗(wei)囂使其(qi)將(jiang)王元拒隴(long)(long)(long)，遵進(jin)攻，破(po)之(zhi)，追至(zhi)新關(guan)。及諸將(jiang)到(dao)，與囂戰，并敗，引退下(xia)隴(long)(long)(long)。”《后漢書·隗(wei)囂傳》載(zai)：劉秀派“建威(wei)將(jiang)軍耿弇等(deng)七將(jiang)從隴(long)(long)(long)道(dao)伐(fa)蜀。”《后漢書·安(an)帝紀》載(zai)：“永初元年（公(gong)(gong)元107年）六月，先零種羌叛，斷隴(long)(long)(long)道(dao)，大(da)為(wei)寇掠，遣(qian)車騎將(jiang)軍鄧騭、征(zheng)西校尉(wei)任尚討(tao)之(zhi)。”

　　回(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)道(dao)，因(yin)華(hua)亭回(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)宮（在(zai)西(xi)華(hua)鎮官寺(si)）而(er)得(de)名。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)貫通木峽(xia)道(dao)、雞頭道(dao)、番須道(dao)、隴(long)(long)坻道(dao)的一(yi)條縱向古(gu)道(dao)，沿關(guan)(guan)山(shan)東(dong)麓(lu)而(er)建，北至木峽(xia)關(guan)(guan)，南達隴(long)(long)縣(xian)(xian)。徐廣《武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝本紀·注》載(zai)(zai)：“回(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)道(dao)在(zai)扶風(feng)汧(qian)(qian)縣(xian)(xian)。”其汧(qian)(qian)縣(xian)(xian)因(yin)汧(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)源(yuan)而(er)得(de)名，汧(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)源(yuan)在(zai)華(hua)亭五(wu)臺山(shan)。而(er)在(zai)隋大(da)(da)業元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)605年(nian)(nian)）以前(qian)，華(hua)亭南部歸汧(qian)(qian)縣(xian)(xian)管轄(xia)。如淳(chun)《武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝本紀·注》載(zai)(zai)：“回(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)汧(qian)(qian)也。”《明(ming)統志》載(zai)(zai)：“隴(long)(long)州西(xi)北有回(hui)城，亦(yi)曰回(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)。又(you)西(xi)北有回(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)宮。”此“回(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)宮”在(zai)華(hua)亭。《漢書(shu)·武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝紀》載(zai)(zai)：“元(yuan)(yuan)鼎五(wu)年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)112年(nian)(nian)）“十月，武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝祠五(wu)畤(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于雍，逾(yu)(yu)隴(long)(long)，登崆峒(tong)，出(chu)(chu)蕭關(guan)(guan)。”“五(wu)畤(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”中(zhong)(zhong)上畤(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、下畤(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)華(hua)亭蓮花臺。“逾(yu)(yu)隴(long)(long)”指(zhi)從雍城越過隴(long)(long)縣(xian)(xian)。“崆峒(tong)”指(zhi)崆峒(tong)山(shan)。“蕭關(guan)(guan)”在(zai)涇源(yuan)大(da)(da)灣鄉瓦亭村(cun)。按照(zhao)地(di)理環境，從鳳翔越隴(long)(long)縣(xian)(xian)到(dao)華(hua)亭、崆峒(tong)山(shan)和蕭關(guan)(guan)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)由南向北而(er)行的。《史記(ji)(ji)·封(feng)禪書(shu)》載(zai)(zai)：“漢武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝元(yuan)(yuan)封(feng)四年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)107年(nian)(nian)），冬十月，行幸雍，祠五(wu)畤(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，通回(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)道(dao)，遂北出(chu)(chu)蕭關(guan)(guan)。”這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)又(you)明(ming)確點(dian)出(chu)(chu)了“回(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)道(dao)”。

　　試看今日，關(guan)山(shan)(shan)已(yi)不再(zai)難越(yue)。那(nei)大大小小的(de)公路難以盡數，而貫通關(guan)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)西(xi)的(de)隧(sui)道已(yi)有兩條，一是雞頭道旁(pang)的(de)六(liu)盤(pan)山(shan)(shan)隧(sui)道，一是番須道旁(pang)的(de)關(guan)山(shan)(shan)隧(sui)道，已(yi)實現了真正意(yi)義上(shang)的(de)“關(guan)山(shan)(shan)度若飛”。