原標題：青銅器上的(de)龍文化

　　子龍鼎銘拓

　　（本版(ban)圖(tu)片均為資料圖(tu)）

　　楊曙明

　　龍(long)(long)(long)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)族傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)十二生(sheng)肖之一(yi)，是(shi)唯一(yi)存在于神(shen)話(hua)傳說中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)肖，在中(zhong)(zhong)國文化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)具有獨特而神(shen)秘的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位。自古以來(lai)，龍(long)(long)(long)就被視為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種精(jing)神(shen)標(biao)志，代(dai)表著中(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)凝聚和積(ji)淀(dian)。作為(wei)與中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)族密切相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)虛幻動物之一(yi)，在遠古先(xian)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識里，龍(long)(long)(long)是(shi)溝(gou)通天(tian)地神(shen)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)瑞獸，能(neng)興風雨、預示吉兇禍福，所以人(ren)們對其崇拜有加，并用(yong)多種方式將其形(xing)象(xiang)刻畫出來(lai)。新石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)早期，先(xian)民(min)(min)已有了崇龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗。如1987年(nian)河南濮陽西水坡遺址上清理(li)到一(yi)條白(bai)色(se)蚌殼(ke)擺塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)”形(xing)圖案；1994年(nian)在湖北黃梅縣白(bai)湖鄉(xiang)焦(jiao)墩(dun)遺址，清理(li)到一(yi)條長4.4米的(de)(de)(de)(de)卵石(shi)擺塑(su)龍(long)(long)(long)；1995年(nian)遼西阜新縣色(se)拉鄉(xiang)查海遺址，清理(li)到一(yi)條長19.7米的(de)(de)(de)(de)紅石(shi)堆塑(su)龍(long)(long)(long)。

　　商周時代是(shi)青銅器發展的鼎(ding)盛時期，人們可以得心應手地將龍的形象(xiang)大量裝飾在青銅器上，使神獸與器皿融為一(yi)體。龍紋也成為中國青銅時代最重要(yao)的紋飾之一(yi)。

　　作(zuo)為青(qing)銅(tong)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)(wen)飾，龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形象最早見于商代(dai)二里崗時(shi)期，以(yi)(yi)后商代(dai)晚(wan)期、西周、春秋直至(zhi)戰國，都有(you)不同形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)出現。不僅有(you)青(qing)銅(tong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器形，還有(you)青(qing)銅(tong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)。青(qing)銅(tong)器上的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)，一般(ban)在(zai)反映其(qi)正面圖(tu)像(xiang)時(shi)，都是(shi)以(yi)(yi)鼻為中線，兩(liang)旁置目，體(ti)軀向身體(ti)側面延伸。殷商時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)器龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)主(zhu)要(yao)體(ti)現對龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神秘(mi)力量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)敬畏，此時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)古(gu)拙、神秘(mi)、威嚴。以(yi)(yi)形態(tai)多樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)夔龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)、蟠龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)為主(zhu)。

　　西周早(zao)期的青(qing)銅器龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)基本上(shang)延續了(le)商代晚期的風格，各(ge)種夔龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、花冠龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、兩頭(tou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、雙(shuang)體龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)繼(ji)續活躍(yue)于西周青(qing)銅器上(shang)。西周中(zhong)期，人們開始追求青(qing)銅器龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的藝術審美，夔龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)逐漸(jian)消失，龍(long)(long)(long)(long)身(shen)(shen)鳥尾的鳥體式花冠龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、身(shen)(shen)尾分離的顧首龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)逐漸(jian)大量出現。

　　春(chun)秋戰國時期，青銅器上(shang)的(de)龍紋(wen)(wen)更加(jia)寫實化(hua)，從商周嚴謹雄渾的(de)規范變為活(huo)躍(yue)清新的(de)風格，紋(wen)(wen)飾上(shang)的(de)神(shen)秘(mi)色(se)彩大大地減少了，龍身上(shang)出現了四足，使(shi)龍的(de)形(xing)象更加(jia)俊美(mei)神(shen)采。同時，也出現了活(huo)潑、玲瓏的(de)蟠螭紋(wen)(wen)和(he)蟠虺紋(wen)(wen)。秦(qin)漢之后，龍的(de)形(xing)象逐漸統一(yi)固定下(xia)來。

　　龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)演變和(he)形成飽含了古人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)慧(hui)和(he)民族(zu)文(wen)化底蘊，是中(zhong)華民族(zu)文(wen)化中(zhong)流傳最廣的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話、影響(xiang)最大的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化符(fu)號(hao)。龍(long)不僅(jin)象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)著權力和(he)尊貴，還(huan)代表著智(zhi)慧(hui)、神(shen)秘和(he)祥(xiang)瑞。幾千年來，龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)騰已滲(shen)透在(zai)中(zhong)華民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)各個方面，成了中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)、中(zhong)華民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)、中(zhong)國文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)。對每一個中(zhong)華兒女來說(shuo)，龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)(xiang)是一種(zhong)符(fu)號(hao)、一種(zhong)血肉相(xiang)連的(de)(de)(de)情感。

　　甘(gan)肅省博物館收藏的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)周青銅大圓鼎，高60厘米(mi)，口徑50厘米(mi)，上(shang)腹部以五齒(chi)短扉棱為(wei)鼻翼，飾六組(zu)獸面(mian)紋(wen)(wen)，獸面(mian)展出之分體為(wei)尾爪俱全的(de)(de)(de)(de)夔(kui)龍紋(wen)(wen)。夔(kui)龍紋(wen)(wen)也叫夔(kui)紋(wen)(wen)，是僅(jin)次于(yu)獸面(mian)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)(wen)飾，在獸面(mian)紋(wen)(wen)逐(zhu)漸衰落后，夔(kui)龍紋(wen)(wen)一度成(cheng)為(wei)青銅器(qi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主體紋(wen)(wen)飾。盛行于(yu)商和西(xi)周前期。商的(de)(de)(de)(de)夔(kui)身短，作(zuo)單獨紋(wen)(wen)樣構(gou)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)較多，多表現(xian)為(wei)屈曲的(de)(de)(de)(de)形態；西(xi)周的(de)(de)(de)(de)夔(kui)紋(wen)(wen)身長，通(tong)常做成(cheng)二方(fang)連續紋(wen)(wen)樣，或幾條龍相互盤繞。此鼎形制渾厚莊(zhuang)重，氣勢恢宏，紋(wen)(wen)飾華(hua)麗，是先秦禮器(qi)中頗(po)具代表性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)乘佳(jia)作(zuo)，也是迄今所知甘(gan)肅省出土規格(ge)最(zui)大、品位(wei)最(zui)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)一件青銅鼎。

　　中國國家博(bo)物(wu)館收藏的秦公簋，1921年甘肅天水(shui)出土，簋呈(cheng)圓(yuan)形(xing)，蓋與器身相合成(cheng)一略扁而圓(yuan)的形(xing)體(ti)，蓋頂有圓(yuan)形(xing)捉手，蓋邊緣及器口(kou)下飾(shi)勾連(lian)形(xing)蟠螭(chi)紋(wen)。蟠螭(chi)紋(wen)又稱交(jiao)龍(long)紋(wen)，流行于春秋中晚期(qi)(qi)至戰國早期(qi)(qi)，有一種由兩條或(huo)兩條以上小龍(long)相交(jiao)，組成(cheng)紋(wen)飾(shi)單元(yuan)，密(mi)布于器物(wu)表面。

　　河南婦好墓出(chu)土婦好盤，口徑約36厘(li)米，重5.9千克。腹外(wai)壁(bi)飾連續(xu)帶(dai)狀(zhuang)夔紋(wen)(wen)，足外(wai)壁(bi)飾連續(xu)帶(dai)狀(zhuang)饕餮(tie)紋(wen)(wen)，盤內(nei)壁(bi)以蟠(pan)龍為(wei)主紋(wen)(wen)，龍頭位于盤心，頭下配一(yi)夔紋(wen)(wen)，頭兩(liang)側分別鑄“婦好”銘(ming)文，蟠(pan)龍外(wai)圍飾一(yi)圈獸(shou)形紋(wen)(wen)，裝飾非常(chang)華麗(li)。

　　最大(da)的青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)龍(long)是陜西歷(li)史博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)(guan)收藏(zang)的青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)龍(long)，通體(ti)長(chang)240厘米，寬100厘米，高40厘米，龍(long)體(ti)中空，頭略呈方(fang)形，鼓(gu)目(mu)、翻鼻、張口(kou)，身(shen)飾魚鱗(lin)紋，尾盤(pan)卷為(wei)中空的錐(zhui)體(ti)，可插入柱形器物(wu)。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)龍(long)體(ti)為(wei)分鑄焊接成(cheng)型(xing)，形體(ti)巨(ju)大(da)，氣勢磅礴，鑄造精(jing)(jing)湛，為(wei)目(mu)前所出土青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器中最大(da)的青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)龍(long)。陜西歷(li)史博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)(guan)的青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)龍(long)與(yu)上海博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)(guan)的鏤(lou)空蟠龍(long)紋鼓(gu)座有類(lei)似之處，如此巨(ju)大(da)而精(jing)(jing)美的青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)重(zhong)器，可能(neng)為(wei)秦國宮廷大(da)型(xing)樂器的底座。

　　上(shang)(shang)海博物館(guan)收(shou)藏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鏤空(kong)蟠(pan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)鼓座(zuo)，高(gao)30厘米，重37.9千克，在(zai)(zai)半球體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼓座(zuo)面上(shang)(shang)，分別(bie)攀爬(pa)有12條大(da)小不(bu)一、相(xiang)互(hu)噬咬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)雕(diao)(diao)蟠(pan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。其(qi)中三(san)條龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)首(shou)和龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)身(shen)朝下，龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)(wei)盤繞于插鼓柱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)筒周邊(bian)，龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)口咬住圈足(zu)上(shang)(shang)攀爬(pa)之(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)身(shen)；三(san)條龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)首(shou)和龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)身(shen)彎曲(qu)朝上(shang)(shang)，龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)(wei)盤繞于圈足(zu)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)，龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)口咬住朝下之(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)(wei)部；三(san)條龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)繞鼓座(zuo)一周攀爬(pa)于圈足(zu)上(shang)(shang)部，龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)口咬住朝上(shang)(shang)之(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)(wei)。在(zai)(zai)其(qi)翹起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)(wei)下分置有三(san)條小龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，小龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)首(shou)作圓(yuan)雕(diao)(diao)形，口銜(xian)圓(yuan)環，龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)體則以(yi)高(gao)浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)置于鼓座(zuo)面上(shang)(shang)。大(da)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)雙目圓(yuan)形中空(kong)，可能原有鑲嵌物，現(xian)已(yi)遺失。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)角(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩端為(wei)空(kong)槽(cao)，可能也曾有類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝飾物。在(zai)(zai)鼓座(zuo)基座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立面上(shang)(shang)，還(huan)刻有眾多蟠(pan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)。

　　最(zui)(zui)早(zao)帶有(you)“龍(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)圓(yuan)鼎(ding)是(shi)中國國家博(bo)物館(guan)收(shou)藏(zang)的(de)(de)商代子(zi)(zi)龍(long)(long)鼎(ding)，通高(gao)103厘米，造型雄偉，器身(shen)飽滿(man)，體(ti)形碩(shuo)大，是(shi)已發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)商代最(zui)(zui)大圓(yuan)鼎(ding)。在子(zi)(zi)龍(long)(long)鼎(ding)內側的(de)(de)器壁上，清晰地(di)鑄有(you)“子(zi)(zi)龍(long)(long)”二字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)，子(zi)(zi)龍(long)(long)鼎(ding)的(de)(de)名字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)由此得來。文(wen)(wen)中的(de)(de)“子(zi)(zi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)居左上角，字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)較小，實筆(bi)(bi)陰刻。“龍(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在右下，系雙鉤而成，很像一條豎立而尾向右卷的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)。張口，圓(yuan)目，頭上碩(shuo)大的(de)(de)瓶形角突出(chu)，與龍(long)(long)頭并不連筆(bi)(bi)。子(zi)(zi)龍(long)(long)鼎(ding)上出(chu)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)“龍(long)(long)”，被證實是(shi)迄(qi)今為(wei)止發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)圓(yuan)鼎(ding)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)中，最(zui)(zui)早(zao)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。除了銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)中出(chu)現(xian)(xian)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)形象，從(cong)子(zi)(zi)龍(long)(long)鼎(ding)上腹部的(de)(de)紋飾(shi)中，也可以發現(xian)(xian)對(dui)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)描繪。

　　龍(long)(long)紋(wen)兕(si)觥(gong)(gong)，又稱龍(long)(long)形(xing)觥(gong)(gong)，通高19厘(li)米(mi)，長44厘(li)米(mi)，寬(kuan)13.4厘(li)米(mi)，為商代(dai)晚期盛酒器(qi)(qi)，現藏于山西(xi)博物院(yuan)。通體呈龍(long)(long)形(xing)，前端(duan)為龍(long)(long)首，露(lu)齒昂(ang)翹，瞠目張角，齜(zi)牙(ya)咧嘴為流，兩角粗壯上指(zhi)，面貌(mao)猙獰。后端(duan)平截(jie)寬(kuan)闊，背上有長蓋，蓋中置鈕，器(qi)(qi)身口沿附有貫(guan)耳兩對，下有長方形(xing)圈足(zu)，圈足(zu)四面中皆有缺口。蓋面飾(shi)逶迤(yi)的(de)龍(long)(long)紋(wen)，與前端(duan)龍(long)(long)首銜接，襯渦(wo)旋紋(wen)，使此器(qi)(qi)渾(hun)然一體。主(zhu)體紋(wen)飾(shi)為鼉紋(wen)和夔龍(long)(long)紋(wen)，頭向(xiang)與龍(long)(long)首相(xiang)反，動(dong)感(gan)十足(zu)。圈足(zu)飾(shi)相(xiang)對的(de)夔龍(long)(long)紋(wen)。這件龍(long)(long)紋(wen)兕(si)觥(gong)(gong)造型別致，構(gou)思巧妙，紋(wen)飾(shi)精美富麗，為商代(dai)青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)中僅見的(de)珍品。

　　中國(guo)國(guo)家博物(wu)館收(shou)藏(zang)的(de)龍虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)紋(wen)青(qing)銅尊(zun)(zun)，高50.5厘米，重26.2千克，為(wei)一件體形(xing)較高大(da)(da)的(de)盛酒器(qi)。青(qing)銅尊(zun)(zun)肩部(bu)(bu)以圓雕(diao)和(he)浮雕(diao)相(xiang)結合，塑(su)造3條生動的(de)蟠龍形(xing)象(xiang)，龍身(shen)蜿蜒，龍首探出(chu)，額有(you)雙角，闊吻巨(ju)口，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)眼(yan)大(da)(da)睜。腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)紋(wen)飾(shi)為(wei)一個虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)頭兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)身(shen)，虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)口之下(xia)有(you)一人(ren)形(xing)，人(ren)頭銜于(yu)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)口之中。虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)身(shen)下(xia)方以扉棱為(wei)界，飾(shi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)夔龍相(xiang)對(dui)組成的(de)獸面。從主體花紋(wen)看，龍、虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、人(ren)造型(xing)莊嚴穩重、奇特神(shen)秘，特別(bie)是(shi)龍頭和(he)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)頭用(yong)澆鑄法(fa)從外壁突兀凸起，雄健(jian)粗獷，比(bi)起用(yong)高浮雕(diao)法(fa)更具有(you)一種(zhong)威武逼人(ren)的(de)悍氣。龍虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)尊(zun)(zun)圓形(xing)大(da)(da)口表示上(shang)天，肩部(bu)(bu)神(shen)龍游蕩(dang)于(yu)空(kong)中；猛虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)張牙舞(wu)爪守護大(da)(da)地(di)。龍虎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)尊(zun)(zun)的(de)鑄造采用(yong)十八塊母范經(jing)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)次焊接而成，渾(hun)然一體，毫無(wu)痕跡。整器(qi)工藝精湛，花紋(wen)線條洗練(lian)，是(shi)商代青(qing)銅器(qi)中的(de)精品。

　　西周最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓鼎(ding)是(shi)陜(shan)西歷史博物(wu)館收藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)淳(chun)化大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)，造型魁偉(wei)、深(shen)厚凝重，其造型基本保(bao)持了商代晚期胎壁寬厚、形體恢(hui)弘、凝重壯闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)風格。大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)通(tong)高(gao)(gao)122厘(li)米(mi)，口(kou)(kou)徑83厘(li)米(mi)，耳(er)高(gao)(gao)28.6厘(li)米(mi)，腹深(shen)54厘(li)米(mi)，重226千克，是(shi)迄今世界上最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)、最(zui)(zui)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)西周青銅器，也是(shi)迄今出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)西周圓鼎(ding)中(zhong)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)者。淳(chun)化大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)因體形太大(da)(da)(da)太重，除(chu)口(kou)(kou)沿上有(you)(you)兩耳(er)外(wai)，器身腰(yao)部(bu)亦有(you)(you)三(san)耳(er)，形如(ru)酒器中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銴。一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼎(ding)，大(da)(da)(da)多只(zhi)有(you)(you)口(kou)(kou)沿耳(er)。淳(chun)化大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)腰(yao)部(bu)三(san)只(zhi)獸(shou)首(shou)屈舌銴，為(wei)以往出土(tu)(tu)銅鼎(ding)所未見，故又名為(wei)獸(shou)首(shou)屈舌銴鼎(ding)、獸(shou)面(mian)紋(wen)(wen)五(wu)耳(er)鼎(ding)。除(chu)了獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)耳(er)，淳(chun)化大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)腰(yao)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)和獸(shou)面(mian)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結合(he)也很(hen)有(you)(you)特色。三(san)面(mian)各有(you)(you)兩只(zhi)夔龍(long)，與中(zhong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)扉棱組合(he)在一(yi)起(qi)(qi)看(kan)，則形成了一(yi)張(zhang)由扉棱為(wei)鼻的(de)(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)面(mian)，即饕餮(tie)紋(wen)(wen)。三(san)張(zhang)獸(shou)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)扉棱下(xia)各有(you)(you)一(yi)只(zhi)逼真的(de)(de)(de)(de)牛首(shou)浮雕，如(ru)同(tong)饕餮(tie)欲(yu)吞食(shi)牛，起(qi)(qi)威懾之(zhi)用，所以也稱牛首(shou)夔龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)鼎(ding)、龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)鼎(ding)等。

　　陜西寶雞(ji)出土的(de)逨盉(he)，酷(ku)似現代的(de)扁圓(yuan)形(xing)壺，器身呈(cheng)扁圓(yuan)形(xing)，長方(fang)形(xing)口(kou)上(shang)有(you)鳳鳥形(xing)蓋(gai)。鳳鳥引首高昂，喙微卷曲，振翼欲飛。器身與蓋(gai)用虎(hu)形(xing)鏈及(ji)雙(shuang)環相連(lian)，虎(hu)作(zuo)向上(shang)爬行狀，頭左偏(pian)而尾上(shang)卷。直管狀流(liu)，流(liu)端作(zuo)龍(long)首狀。鋬呈(cheng)龍(long)首向下噴(pen)水狀，下有(you)四獸足。腹部兩(liang)側紋(wen)飾相同(tong)，分別由(you)三(san)圈(quan)組成，由(you)外向內依次(ci)為變(bian)體夔龍(long)紋(wen)、重環紋(wen)和(he)蟠(pan)龍(long)紋(wen)。逨盉(he)是祭祀(si)禮器，它(ta)將天上(shang)飛的(de)鳳鳥、地(di)(di)上(shang)跑的(de)猛虎(hu)、水里(li)游的(de)蛟龍(long)，作(zuo)為溝通(tong)天地(di)(di)、人(ren)神的(de)使者(zhe)，使天地(di)(di)人(ren)三(san)者(zhe)合而為一。由(you)于周(zhou)人(ren)將動物視(shi)為具(ju)有(you)無(wu)限(xian)神力之神靈，因此(ci)青銅器上(shang)之動物紋(wen)樣(yang)(yang)，除宗教(jiao)祭祀(si)意(yi)(yi)涵外，也富有(you)一定(ding)的(de)政(zheng)治意(yi)(yi)義。貴族通(tong)過(guo)青銅器上(shang)神秘肅穆的(de)動物紋(wen)樣(yang)(yang)，令人(ren)望之崇(chong)敬生畏，以威嚇(xia)被(bei)統治者(zhe)，達(da)到鞏固本身地(di)(di)位及(ji)權威之目的(de)，同(tong)時(shi)也含(han)有(you)龍(long)騰虎(hu)躍(yue)鳳呈(cheng)祥的(de)美好寓意(yi)(yi)。