監察(cha)調查中(zhong)的(de)見證人(ren)制度，是指監察(cha)機關(guan)在運用(yong)特定調查措(cuo)施過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，邀請與(yu)案件(jian)無利害關(guan)系(xi)的(de)第三(san)人(ren)對調查活動的(de)內容、過程(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)結(jie)果進(jin)行現場見證監督，是規(gui)(gui)(gui)范監察(cha)措(cuo)施適用(yong)、保障被調查人(ren)及有關(guan)人(ren)員合法(fa)(fa)權益的(de)重要(yao)(yao)方式(shi)。監察(cha)法(fa)(fa)實施條例(li)在監察(cha)法(fa)(fa)的(de)基礎上，進(jin)一步擴大了見證人(ren)制度的(de)適用(yong)范圍、細化(hua)了工作要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，對于確保監察(cha)機關(guan)依(yi)法(fa)(fa)正(zheng)確采取調查措(cuo)施，推(tui)動監察(cha)工作規(gui)(gui)(gui)范化(hua)、法(fa)(fa)治化(hua)、正(zheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)化(hua)具有重要(yao)(yao)意義(yi)。

　　監(jian)察(cha)(cha)法(fa)實(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)例(li)(li)關(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)人(ren)制(zhi)度(du)的規(gui)定。監(jian)察(cha)(cha)法(fa)實(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)例(li)(li)中(zhong)有關(guan)(guan)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)人(ren)制(zhi)度(du)的內容散見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)九個條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)之中(zhong)，分別(bie)是(shi)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)一(yi)十(shi)三(san)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)二款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)、第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)一(yi)十(shi)六條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)二款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)、第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)二十(shi)一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)、第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)二十(shi)三(san)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)四款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)、第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)二十(shi)六條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)二款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)、第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)二十(shi)七(qi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)、第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)五條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)二款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)、第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)八(ba)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)和第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)九條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)，明(ming)確規(gui)定監(jian)察(cha)(cha)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)在開(kai)展(zhan)有關(guan)(guan)調查(cha)工作時，應(ying)當有見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)人(ren)在場見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)人(ren)所參與(yu)(yu)的調查(cha)活動都比較重(zhong)要(yao)，在該(gai)過程中(zhong)收集固定的證(zheng)據既是(shi)監(jian)察(cha)(cha)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)認定事實(shi)的重(zhong)要(yao)依據，又(you)是(shi)刑(xing)事訴訟程序中(zhong)司法(fa)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)重(zhong)點審查(cha)的對象(xiang)，因(yin)此監(jian)察(cha)(cha)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)根據監(jian)察(cha)(cha)法(fa)實(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)例(li)(li)規(gui)定邀請見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)人(ren)參與(yu)(yu)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)調查(cha)工作的，還(huan)應(ying)當與(yu)(yu)刑(xing)事審判關(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)證(zheng)據的要(yao)求和標準相(xiang)一(yi)致，注重(zhong)參照《刑(xing)訴法(fa)解釋》第(di)(di)(di)八(ba)十(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)之規(gui)定，準確理解、規(gui)范適用見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)人(ren)制(zhi)度(du)。

　　監(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)中適用見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制度的(de)(de)注意事(shi)項。見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應當(dang)與(yu)案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)沒有(you)利害關(guan)系(xi)。設立(li)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制度的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是(shi)監(jian)(jian)督和證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)活動依(yi)法(fa)進行，這就要求(qiu)(qiu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)必須滿足相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)履(lv)職條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)，而監(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)法(fa)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)(li)(li)并未對此(ci)(ci)作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)明確規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。監(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)法(fa)第(di)二(er)十(shi)四條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，搜(sou)查(cha)(cha)(cha)時應當(dang)“有(you)被(bei)(bei)搜(sou)查(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或者其(qi)家屬(shu)等見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)場”，據此(ci)(ci)有(you)觀點認(ren)為(wei)(wei)被(bei)(bei)搜(sou)查(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)家屬(shu)可(ke)以(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。但是(shi)，監(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)法(fa)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)(li)(li)第(di)一(yi)(yi)百三十(shi)八條(tiao)(tiao)關(guan)于(yu)勘驗(yan)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)中要求(qiu)(qiu)“邀請與(yu)案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)無(wu)(wu)關(guan)的(de)(de)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)場”，該(gai)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)與(yu)《刑訴法(fa)解(jie)釋》第(di)八十(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)第(di)一(yi)(yi)款(kuan)第(di)（二(er)）項的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)相(xiang)(xiang)契(qi)合，即“與(yu)案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)有(you)利害關(guan)系(xi)，可(ke)能影響案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)公正(zheng)處理(li)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”不得擔任見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，也就是(shi)說，“與(yu)案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)無(wu)(wu)利害關(guan)系(xi)”應當(dang)是(shi)擔任見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)基本條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)，因此(ci)(ci)被(bei)(bei)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)家屬(shu)不宜作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。此(ci)(ci)外，監(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)法(fa)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)(li)(li)第(di)一(yi)(yi)百一(yi)(yi)十(shi)六(liu)條(tiao)(tiao)第(di)二(er)款(kuan)關(guan)于(yu)《搜(sou)查(cha)(cha)(cha)筆錄》的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)中要求(qiu)(qiu)“由(you)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)和被(bei)(bei)搜(sou)查(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或者其(qi)家屬(shu)、見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽名”，從該(gai)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)也可(ke)以(yi)看出(chu)，被(bei)(bei)搜(sou)查(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)家屬(shu)與(yu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)并列關(guan)系(xi)，在(zai)(zai)法(fa)律定(ding)(ding)位(wei)上不能混(hun)同(tong)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐中在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)擇見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)時，監(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)機關(guan)可(ke)以(yi)根(gen)據監(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)法(fa)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)(li)(li)第(di)一(yi)(yi)百一(yi)(yi)十(shi)三條(tiao)(tiao)第(di)二(er)款(kuan)的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，首選(xuan)由(you)被(bei)(bei)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)單(dan)位(wei)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)充(chong)當(dang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，其(qi)次(ci)可(ke)以(yi)考慮邀請被(bei)(bei)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)鄰(lin)居、所(suo)在(zai)(zai)街道或社區居委會工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)、派(pai)出(chu)所(suo)管片民(min)警、特約監(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)員(yuan)等與(yu)案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)無(wu)(wu)利害關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)第(di)三方(fang)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。

　　見證人(ren)簽字(zi)時(shi)應(ying)寫(xie)明(ming)(ming)基本身份信(xin)息(xi)。根據監察法實施(shi)條例規(gui)定(ding)，見證人(ren)應(ying)當(dang)在《搜查(cha)筆(bi)錄(lu)》《搜查(cha)證》《查(cha)封/扣押財物(wu)、文件清單》等筆(bi)錄(lu)和(he)法律文書上簽字(zi)或者蓋章(zhang)，這既是現場見證調(diao)查(cha)活動的有效證明(ming)(ming)，也是案件審(shen)(shen)理部(bu)門(men)和(he)司法機關審(shen)(shen)查(cha)相關調(diao)查(cha)措(cuo)施(shi)運(yun)用是否合法正當(dang)的有力(li)憑證。實踐中，調(diao)查(cha)人(ren)員應(ying)當(dang)參考《刑訴(su)法解(jie)釋(shi)》第八(ba)十條第二(er)款(kuan)的規(gui)定(ding)，要(yao)(yao)求見證人(ren)在簽署姓名的同時(shi)，至少(shao)還(huan)要(yao)(yao)寫(xie)明(ming)(ming)身份證件種(zhong)類(lei)及號碼、工作單位(wei)和(he)聯系(xi)方式等信(xin)息(xi)，以備后續審(shen)(shen)查(cha)核實使用。

　　無適(shi)(shi)(shi)格見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)以錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)音(yin)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)作為替代措施(shi)。由于(yu)調查(cha)(cha)(cha)活(huo)動的(de)(de)特(te)殊性，實踐(jian)中(zhong)可能(neng)出現(xian)(xian)無法(fa)(fa)找到適(shi)(shi)(shi)格見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)情(qing)形(xing)，對(dui)此(ci)該如何處理，監(jian)察(cha)法(fa)(fa)實施(shi)條(tiao)例未予(yu)明確。根(gen)據《刑訴法(fa)(fa)解釋》第(di)(di)八十條(tiao)第(di)(di)三(san)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)規(gui)定，刑事偵(zhen)(zhen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)活(huo)動中(zhong)因客觀原因無法(fa)(fa)找到符(fu)合條(tiao)件的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)擔任見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)時(shi)(shi)，偵(zhen)(zhen)查(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)應(ying)當在(zai)筆(bi)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)材料中(zhong)注(zhu)明情(qing)況，并(bing)對(dui)相關活(huo)動進行(xing)全程錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)音(yin)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。筆(bi)者(zhe)認為，監(jian)察(cha)機關亦可采取這種處理方式，但在(zai)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)音(yin)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)方面需(xu)要(yao)注(zhu)意兩(liang)點(dian)：一(yi)是根(gen)據監(jian)察(cha)法(fa)(fa)第(di)(di)四(si)十一(yi)條(tiao)第(di)(di)二款(kuan)(kuan)與監(jian)察(cha)法(fa)(fa)實施(shi)條(tiao)例第(di)(di)五十六條(tiao)第(di)(di)一(yi)款(kuan)(kuan)之(zhi)規(gui)定，監(jian)察(cha)機關開(kai)展訊問(wen)、搜(sou)查(cha)(cha)(cha)、查(cha)(cha)(cha)封、扣(kou)押以及重要(yao)的(de)(de)談話、詢問(wen)等調查(cha)(cha)(cha)取證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工作，本就應(ying)當全程同步錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)音(yin)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，因此(ci)需(xu)要(yao)特(te)別注(zhu)意的(de)(de)是在(zai)開(kai)展調取物證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、收集提(ti)(ti)取電(dian)子數(shu)據、接(jie)收主(zhu)動上交的(de)(de)涉案財物這三(san)項工作時(shi)(shi)，需(xu)要(yao)見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)場(chang)見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)又(you)沒有(you)適(shi)(shi)(shi)格見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)，應(ying)當全程同步錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)音(yin)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)；二是在(zai)缺少(shao)見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，要(yao)特(te)別注(zhu)意錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)音(yin)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)資料的(de)(de)完整性，尤(you)其(qi)是要(yao)實時(shi)(shi)、完整地(di)記錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)搜(sou)查(cha)(cha)(cha)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)重要(yao)物證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、書證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)、提(ti)(ti)取、扣(kou)押、運送和保(bao)全過(guo)程，勘驗(yan)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)與違法(fa)(fa)犯罪有(you)關的(de)(de)痕跡(ji)、物證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)等信息的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)、固定、提(ti)(ti)取過(guo)程，以及查(cha)(cha)(cha)封、扣(kou)押、主(zhu)動上交財物的(de)(de)數(shu)量、特(te)征(zheng)和存(cun)放地(di)點(dian)等。

　　要充分(fen)保證(zheng)(zheng)見證(zheng)(zheng)人職能(neng)的(de)發(fa)揮。實踐中，要保障見證(zheng)(zheng)人實質見證(zheng)(zheng)，切(qie)實發(fa)揮對調查活(huo)動的(de)監督證(zheng)(zheng)明作(zuo)用。具(ju)體而言(yan)，調查活(huo)動開始前(qian)，調查人員應當幫助(zhu)見證(zheng)(zheng)人充分(fen)了解見證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)實質意義(yi)，明確權利與(yu)義(yi)務，打消(xiao)見證(zheng)(zheng)人的(de)“看(kan)客心理(li)”；對有關(guan)調查措施的(de)內容(rong)及程(cheng)序進行講解，明確見證(zheng)(zheng)方法與(yu)重點，避免見證(zheng)(zheng)人“見而不證(zheng)(zheng)”。

　　（宋(song)冀峰 作(zuo)者單(dan)位：中國政(zheng)法大學）