在《中(zhong)(zhong)國共產黨紀(ji)(ji)律處分(fen)條(tiao)例(li)》（以(yi)下簡稱(cheng)《條(tiao)例(li)》）中(zhong)(zhong)，對于不(bu)同違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)，《條(tiao)例(li)》規(gui)定的(de)構(gou)成要(yao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)并不(bu)相(xiang)同，筆者對此(ci)進行(xing)了梳理(li)分(fen)析。比如，有(you)的(de)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)以(yi)“可能影(ying)響公正執行(xing)公務”為(wei)構(gou)成要(yao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)的(de)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)以(yi)“造成不(bu)良影(ying)響或者嚴重后果”為(wei)構(gou)成要(yao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)的(de)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)以(yi)“有(you)下列(lie)行(xing)為(wei)之一”為(wei)構(gou)成要(yao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。實踐中(zhong)(zhong)，對于不(bu)同違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)，不(bu)僅(jin)需(xu)要(yao)認識到(dao)構(gou)成要(yao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)同，也要(yao)在取證工作中(zhong)(zhong)把(ba)握(wo)住各自重點(dian)。筆者結合《條(tiao)例(li)》的(de)相(xiang)關規(gui)定，具(ju)體分(fen)析如下。

　　一、以“可能影響公正執行公務”為構成要件的違紀行為及取證要點

　　以“可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”為(wei)構成(cheng)要件的(de)(de)違紀(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)，是指行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)人的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)某種影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，但不(bu)需要實際上造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，即可(ke)(ke)(ke)認定(ding)構成(cheng)違紀(ji)。比(bi)如，《條(tiao)例》第九十(shi)九條(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)，“借(jie)用(yong)管(guan)理和服(fu)務(wu)對(dui)象的(de)(de)錢款、住房、車輛等，可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)，情(qing)節較(jiao)重的(de)(de)，給予警(jing)告或者(zhe)嚴(yan)重警(jing)告處(chu)分；情(qing)節嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)，給予撤(che)銷黨內(nei)職務(wu)、留黨察看或者(zhe)開除黨籍處(chu)分。通過民間借(jie)貸等金融活(huo)動獲取大額回(hui)報，可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)的(de)(de)，依(yi)照前款規(gui)定(ding)處(chu)理”。該條(tiao)款是2023年(nian)《條(tiao)例》修改(gai)的(de)(de)一個條(tiao)款，將2018年(nian)《條(tiao)例》中(zhong)的(de)(de)“影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”修改(gai)為(wei)“可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”。修改(gai)后的(de)(de)條(tiao)款規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)是“可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”，而(er)不(bu)是“確(que)(que)定(ding)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”，也不(bu)是“不(bu)必(bi)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”，而(er)是將影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)作(zuo)為(wei)構成(cheng)要件要素(su)。即雖(sui)然沒(mei)有確(que)(que)定(ding)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)，但只要存在影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)，就應認定(ding)為(wei)構成(cheng)違紀(ji)。

　　除第(di)九(jiu)十(shi)九(jiu)條之外，第(di)九(jiu)十(shi)七條、第(di)一(yi)百零(ling)一(yi)條等(deng)條款(kuan)同樣包(bao)含“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)影響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)執行公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”的(de)(de)構成(cheng)要(yao)件。對(dui)(dui)于此類違(wei)紀(ji)行為，要(yao)注重(zhong)收集“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)影響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)執行公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”的(de)(de)相關證(zheng)據(ju)。以第(di)九(jiu)十(shi)九(jiu)條為例，實踐中要(yao)核實是否存在“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)影響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)執行公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，要(yao)重(zhong)點核實黨員干(gan)(gan)(gan)部(bu)的(de)(de)借款(kuan)對(dui)(dui)象是否系其管理和服(fu)務(wu)對(dui)(dui)象，按照紀(ji)嚴(yan)于法(fa)、紀(ji)在法(fa)前的(de)(de)執紀(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)，黨員干(gan)(gan)(gan)部(bu)如(ru)果向(xiang)管理和服(fu)務(wu)對(dui)(dui)象借款(kuan)，則(ze)可(ke)(ke)推(tui)定“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)影響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)執行公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”。比如(ru)，市場監管執法(fa)總隊的(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)(gan)部(bu)與私(si)(si)營企(qi)業老(lao)板(ban)之間存在監管關系，私(si)(si)營企(qi)業老(lao)板(ban)是該干(gan)(gan)(gan)部(bu)的(de)(de)管理和服(fu)務(wu)對(dui)(dui)象，該干(gan)(gan)(gan)部(bu)向(xiang)老(lao)板(ban)借用(yong)錢款(kuan)，就可(ke)(ke)能(neng)影響(xiang)(xiang)其對(dui)(dui)私(si)(si)營企(qi)業違(wei)規違(wei)法(fa)行為的(de)(de)查處，即“可(ke)(ke)能(neng)影響(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)執行公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)”。

　　二、以“造成不良影響或者嚴重后果”為構成要件的違紀行為及取證要點

　　以(yi)“造成(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)良影(ying)響或(huo)(huo)者嚴(yan)重(zhong)后果(guo)”為(wei)構成(cheng)(cheng)要件的違(wei)紀(ji)行(xing)為(wei)，是指(zhi)行(xing)為(wei)人不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅實施《條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)》規定的行(xing)為(wei)，而(er)且必須造成(cheng)(cheng)一定的危(wei)害(hai)結果(guo)。比如，《條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)》第(di)一百三(san)十(shi)三(san)條(tiao)(tiao)規定，“在公(gong)務活(huo)動用餐(can)(can)、單(dan)(dan)位食堂用餐(can)(can)管理工作中不(bu)(bu)(bu)履(lv)行(xing)或(huo)(huo)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)正確(que)履(lv)行(xing)宣傳(chuan)教育、監(jian)督(du)管理職責，導致餐(can)(can)飲浪費，造成(cheng)(cheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)良影(ying)響的，對直接責任者和領導責任者，給予(yu)警告或(huo)(huo)者嚴(yan)重(zhong)警告處分；情節嚴(yan)重(zhong)的，給予(yu)撤銷黨內職務處分”。該(gai)(gai)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)是2023年(nian)《條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)》新增(zeng)加的條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)，按照(zhao)該(gai)(gai)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)的構成(cheng)(cheng)要件，黨員干(gan)部如果(guo)在公(gong)務活(huo)動用餐(can)(can)、單(dan)(dan)位食堂用餐(can)(can)管理工作中僅有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)履(lv)行(xing)或(huo)(huo)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)正確(que)履(lv)行(xing)宣傳(chuan)教育、監(jian)督(du)管理職責的行(xing)為(wei)，尚不(bu)(bu)(bu)構成(cheng)(cheng)違(wei)紀(ji)，必須要有(you)危(wei)害(hai)結果(guo)的發生，即導致餐(can)(can)飲浪費，造成(cheng)(cheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)良影(ying)響，才能認定為(wei)違(wei)紀(ji)。

　　除第(di)(di)一百三(san)(san)十(shi)三(san)(san)條(tiao)之(zhi)外，第(di)(di)一百三(san)(san)十(shi)條(tiao)、第(di)(di)一百三(san)(san)十(shi)一條(tiao)、第(di)(di)一百三(san)(san)十(shi)二(er)條(tiao)等條(tiao)款同樣要求具有危(wei)害結(jie)果。在(zai)核查此類違紀(ji)行(xing)為(wei)時，要注重(zhong)收集與危(wei)害結(jie)果相關的證據。對(dui)于造(zao)成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)后果表(biao)現為(wei)經(jing)濟損(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)的，《條(tiao)例》第(di)(di)四十(shi)二(er)條(tiao)明確規定(ding)，“計算(suan)經(jing)濟損(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)應當計算(suan)立案(an)時已經(jing)實際造(zao)成(cheng)的全部財產損(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)，包括為(wei)挽(wan)回(hui)違紀(ji)行(xing)為(wei)所造(zao)成(cheng)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)支付的各種(zhong)開支、費(fei)用。立案(an)后至處理前持(chi)續發(fa)生的經(jing)濟損(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)，應當一并計算(suan)在(zai)內”。

　　三、以“有下列行為之一”為構成要件的違紀行為及取證要點

　　以(yi)“有(you)(you)下列行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之一(yi)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)要(yao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)違紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，是(shi)指(zhi)只要(yao)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)《條(tiao)(tiao)例》規定的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，無論(lun)是(shi)否造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)危(wei)害結果(guo)(guo)，即可認(ren)(ren)定構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)違紀(ji)(ji)。比如(ru)(ru)，《條(tiao)(tiao)例》第六十(shi)三條(tiao)(tiao)規定，“對(dui)抗(kang)組織審(shen)查(cha)(cha)，有(you)(you)下列行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之一(yi)的(de)(de)，給予(yu)警告(gao)或(huo)者(zhe)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)警告(gao)處分；情(qing)節較重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)，給予(yu)撤銷黨(dang)內職務或(huo)者(zhe)留黨(dang)察看處分；情(qing)節嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)，給予(yu)開除黨(dang)籍處分：（一(yi)）串(chuan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)或(huo)者(zhe)偽造(zao)、銷毀、轉移、隱匿證(zheng)據(ju)；（二）阻止(zhi)他人揭(jie)發檢舉(ju)、提供(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)據(ju)材料；（三）包庇同(tong)案人員(yuan)；（四）向組織提供(gong)(gong)(gong)虛假情(qing)況，掩蓋(gai)事(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；（五）其他對(dui)抗(kang)組織審(shen)查(cha)(cha)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。”按照該(gai)條(tiao)(tiao)款規定，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人只要(yao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施了(le)(le)串(chuan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)、隱匿證(zheng)據(ju)等對(dui)抗(kang)組織審(shen)查(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，即符合該(gai)違紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)要(yao)件(jian)(jian)，無需造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)良影(ying)響或(huo)者(zhe)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后果(guo)(guo)，便構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)違紀(ji)(ji)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐中(zhong)，有(you)(you)同(tong)志認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，認(ren)(ren)定對(dui)抗(kang)組織審(shen)查(cha)(cha)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)必須要(yao)對(dui)查(cha)(cha)辦案件(jian)(jian)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)性(xing)影(ying)響。比如(ru)(ru)，黨(dang)員(yuan)干部被立(li)案審(shen)查(cha)(cha)前與涉(she)案人員(yuan)串(chuan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)，涉(she)案人員(yuan)在開始接受詢問時便交(jiao)代了(le)(le)串(chuan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，黨(dang)員(yuan)干部的(de)(de)對(dui)抗(kang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)未(wei)對(dui)取(qu)證(zheng)工作造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際妨礙，因此不(bu)應認(ren)(ren)定為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)對(dui)抗(kang)組織審(shen)查(cha)(cha)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。對(dui)此，筆者(zhe)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，對(dui)抗(kang)組織審(shen)查(cha)(cha)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侵(qin)害的(de)(de)主要(yao)客體是(shi)對(dui)黨(dang)忠(zhong)誠老實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)基本義(yi)務，黨(dang)員(yuan)干部實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施完(wan)畢對(dui)抗(kang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后已(yi)經(jing)侵(qin)害了(le)(le)這一(yi)主要(yao)客體，并已(yi)達(da)到實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)態，無論(lun)該(gai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)否對(dui)案件(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)辦造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)性(xing)的(de)(de)侵(qin)害后果(guo)(guo)，均不(bu)影(ying)響對(dui)該(gai)違紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)定。

　　除(chu)第(di)六十三(san)條(tiao)之外，第(di)五十三(san)條(tiao)、第(di)八十條(tiao)、第(di)九(jiu)十條(tiao)、第(di)九(jiu)十一條(tiao)等條(tiao)款同(tong)樣只要完(wan)成實行行為，便可認(ren)定(ding)構成違紀(ji)。如果(guo)(guo)黨員干(gan)部在(zai)實行行為之外，還(huan)造成了嚴重(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)果(guo)(guo)或者(zhe)不良影(ying)響，則可將(jiang)該(gai)后(hou)果(guo)(guo)或影(ying)響作為違紀(ji)情節在(zai)事(shi)實中予以表述，同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)量紀(ji)時(shi)將(jiang)其作為酌定(ding)從(cong)重(zhong)(zhong)處分(fen)情節予以考量。

　　（李國強(qiang) 作者單位(wei)：天津(jin)市(shi)市(shi)級機關紀檢(jian)監(jian)察(cha)工委）