董小君

　　當今(jin)世界，百年未有之大(da)變局加(jia)速演(yan)進，全球不確定(ding)性不穩定(ding)因素大(da)大(da)增加(jia)，多重挑戰(zhan)和危機交織疊加(jia)，“人類社會現代化進程又一(yi)次來到歷史(shi)的十字路口(kou)”。

　　歷史(shi)已經證明：伴隨人類(lei)文明進步進入新的(de)(de)階(jie)段，西方資本(ben)主(zhu)義國(guo)(guo)(guo)家走過的(de)(de)“西方式現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”絕不具有所謂(wei)“普適(shi)性(xing)”，而且(qie)日益暴露出(chu)(chu)不可克(ke)服的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)弊病(bing)，但與此相對(dui)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產(chan)黨領(ling)導的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)式現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)走出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)一條全新之路，表現(xian)(xian)出(chu)(chu)與西方現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)不同(tong)的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)式，根本(ben)打破了(le)(le)“現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)=西方化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)迷思，既體現(xian)(xian)出(chu)(chu)世界各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發展的(de)(de)共同(tong)特征，又生動展示了(le)(le)基于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)情的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特色。由中(zhong)(zhong)央黨校（國(guo)(guo)(guo)家行(xing)政學(xue)院）中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)式現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)研究中(zhong)(zhong)心主(zhu)任張占斌教授領(ling)銜撰寫、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家行(xing)政學(xue)院出(chu)(chu)版社(she)新近出(chu)(chu)版的(de)(de)《現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之問(wen)》一書，以寬廣的(de)(de)歷史(shi)視角(jiao)、對(dui)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)制度和(he)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)差(cha)異比較(jiao)、遵循(xun)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發展的(de)(de)根本(ben)規律，對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)式現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)之問(wen)、時代(dai)之問(wen)、理論(lun)之問(wen)、理念之問(wen)、實踐(jian)之問(wen)作出(chu)(chu)全面回應，深刻回答了(le)(le)“我們究竟需(xu)要什么樣的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)？怎樣才能實現(xian)(xian)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)？”鮮明回答了(le)(le)當代(dai)人類(lei)社(she)會發展的(de)(de)“現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之問(wen)”。

　　——以歷史之問，回答中國究(jiu)竟(jing)需要什么樣的現代化。

　　從歷(li)史視(shi)角看(kan)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)開(kai)始走(zou)向現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)歷(li)史進程(cheng)(cheng)始于已經(jing)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)資(zi)本主義(yi)國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)外部入侵，但《現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)之問》更深一(yi)步(bu)指(zhi)出(chu)，其(qi)邏(luo)(luo)輯起(qi)點是資(zi)本主義(yi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)道路(lu)所(suo)蘊(yun)含(han)的(de)(de)資(zi)本邏(luo)(luo)輯及(ji)其(qi)在世界范圍內的(de)(de)擴(kuo)張(zhang)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共產黨領導(dao)下的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)，經(jing)歷(li)了從被動卷入現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)進程(cheng)(cheng)到主動探索現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)出(chu)路(lu)，再到主動選擇社會主義(yi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)道路(lu)，乃至(zhi)開(kai)創中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)歷(li)史轉變過程(cheng)(cheng)，體現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了與西(xi)方(fang)(fang)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)不同(tong)的(de)(de)目(mu)標和(he)特征：西(xi)方(fang)(fang)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)“以(yi)(yi)資(zi)本為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心”,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)則凸顯“以(yi)(yi)人民(min)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心”的(de)(de)根本邏(luo)(luo)輯；西(xi)方(fang)(fang)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)是“物質膨(peng)脹的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)”，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)則展現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)“全(quan)面協調”的(de)(de)發(fa)展邏(luo)(luo)輯；西(xi)方(fang)(fang)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)是“對外擴(kuo)張(zhang)掠奪的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)”，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)則彰顯“共謀合作共贏”的(de)(de)對外邏(luo)(luo)輯。由此可見，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)人類探索究竟需要什么樣的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)作出(chu)了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)回答。

　　——以(yi)時代之(zhi)問(wen)，回答政黨如何引領和(he)推(tui)動國(guo)家(jia)的現代化。

　　政黨(dang)(dang)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)進(jin)程的(de)(de)主導(dao)(dao)型政治力量，是(shi)人類社會現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)建設者、引導(dao)(dao)者、推(tui)動(dong)者，有責任和(he)(he)義務發(fa)揮自(zi)身在推(tui)進(jin)本國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)進(jin)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)積(ji)極作(zuo)用(yong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)作(zuo)為世(shi)界上最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)執政黨(dang)(dang)，始(shi)終堅守(shou)人民(min)至(zhi)上理念、秉持(chi)獨(du)立自(zi)主原則、樹立守(shou)正創新意(yi)識、弘揚立己達人精神(shen)、保持(chi)奮發(fa)有為姿態，團結帶領億萬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人民(min)邁向實現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)式現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)新征程。《現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)之(zhi)問》指出，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)領導(dao)(dao)下的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)式現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)，是(shi)基于自(zi)身國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)情和(he)(he)對(dui)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)道(dao)(dao)路”的(de)(de)探索而逐(zhu)步(bu)形(xing)成的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)模式，證明(ming)了現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)理論和(he)(he)制度安(an)排不是(shi)普泛化(hua)的(de)(de)、西方化(hua)的(de)(de)，世(shi)界上不存在放之(zhi)四海而皆準的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)“模板(ban)”，彰顯了現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)道(dao)(dao)路的(de)(de)多樣性。由(you)此可見，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)式現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)為世(shi)界各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政黨(dang)(dang)承擔引領和(he)(he)推(tui)動(dong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)使命(ming)、為后發(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)步(bu)入現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)提(ti)供(gong)了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)智(zhi)慧(hui)。

　　——以理(li)念之問，回(hui)答(da)中國式現代化理(li)論機理(li)和價值觀念的獨(du)特創新。

　　習近平總(zong)書記指(zhi)出：“中國式(shi)現代化(hua)(hua)蘊含的(de)(de)獨特世(shi)界(jie)觀(guan)、價值(zhi)觀(guan)、歷(li)史觀(guan)、文明(ming)觀(guan)、民(min)(min)主觀(guan)、生(sheng)態觀(guan)等(deng)及其偉(wei)大實踐(jian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)對世(shi)界(jie)現代化(hua)(hua)理(li)論和(he)實踐(jian)的(de)(de)重大創新。”《現代化(hua)(hua)之問》對中國式(shi)現代化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)“六觀(guan)”作出了系(xi)統闡釋(shi)：世(shi)界(jie)觀(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)走和(he)平發展之路，構(gou)建人類命運共同體；價值(zhi)觀(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)堅守人民(min)(min)至上的(de)(de)發展理(li)念；歷(li)史觀(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)既(ji)基于自(zi)身國情堅定歷(li)史自(zi)信，又胸懷天下借(jie)鑒各國經驗(yan)；文明(ming)觀(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)推動物質(zhi)文明(ming)與(yu)(yu)精神(shen)文明(ming)相協調；民(min)(min)主觀(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)堅持發展全過程(cheng)人民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主；生(sheng)態觀(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)堅持人與(yu)(yu)自(zi)然和(he)諧共生(sheng)。由此可見，正(zheng)確(que)理(li)解中國式(shi)現代化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)“六觀(guan)”，對于把握中國式(shi)現代化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)時代特征與(yu)(yu)世(shi)界(jie)貢獻，具(ju)有重要理(li)論和(he)現實意義。

　　——以實踐之問，回答(da)大力(li)推(tui)進和拓展中國(guo)式現代化必須把握(wo)的辯證關系。

　　推(tui)進中國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)是(shi)一(yi)個系統工程(cheng)，必須(xu)正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)(que)(que)處理(li)好頂(ding)層設計(ji)與(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐探索、戰略(lve)(lve)與(yu)(yu)策略(lve)(lve)、守(shou)正(zheng)(zheng)與(yu)(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)、效率與(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)、活(huo)(huo)力(li)與(yu)(yu)秩(zhi)序(xu)、自(zi)立自(zi)強與(yu)(yu)對(dui)外開(kai)放(fang)等一(yi)系列(lie)重大關(guan)(guan)系。《現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)之(zhi)問》從實(shi)(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維度對(dui)如何統籌“六(liu)對(dui)關(guan)(guan)系”作出了系統梳理(li)：一(yi)要(yao)正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)(que)(que)認(ren)識頂(ding)層設計(ji)與(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐探索的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辯(bian)證統一(yi)關(guan)(guan)系，既(ji)以科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)層設計(ji)引領實(shi)(shi)踐探索，又(you)以實(shi)(shi)踐探索完善(shan)頂(ding)層設計(ji)。二要(yao)正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)(que)(que)認(ren)識戰略(lve)(lve)是(shi)策略(lve)(lve)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)指引，策略(lve)(lve)是(shi)戰略(lve)(lve)實(shi)(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)方(fang)法。三要(yao)正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)(que)(que)認(ren)識守(shou)正(zheng)(zheng)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)是(shi)發展(zhan)社會(hui)(hui)主義(yi)事業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)方(fang)法，創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)必須(xu)守(shou)正(zheng)(zheng)，守(shou)正(zheng)(zheng)則離不開(kai)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)。四要(yao)正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)(que)(que)認(ren)識公(gong)(gong)平(ping)是(shi)效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提，效率是(shi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。五要(yao)正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)(que)(que)認(ren)識良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)秩(zhi)序(xu)是(shi)社會(hui)(hui)煥(huan)發活(huo)(huo)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提和(he)保障，社會(hui)(hui)活(huo)(huo)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奔涌則會(hui)(hui)促進社會(hui)(hui)秩(zhi)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng)。六(liu)要(yao)正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)(que)(que)認(ren)識堅持(chi)自(zi)立自(zi)強是(shi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)前提，對(dui)外開(kai)放(fang)是(shi)中國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必由(you)之(zhi)路。由(you)此(ci)可見，統籌把握這(zhe)“六(liu)對(dui)關(guan)(guan)系”是(shi)推(tui)進和(he)拓展(zhan)新(xin)時代(dai)中國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)認(ren)識和(he)實(shi)(shi)踐指引。

　　總(zong)體(ti)來(lai)看，《現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)問(wen)》一書以新(xin)穎(ying)的(de)視角、透徹的(de)說(shuo)理(li)、嚴密的(de)邏(luo)(luo)輯(ji)(ji)，系(xi)統(tong)闡發了(le)(le)中國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)歷史邏(luo)(luo)輯(ji)(ji)、理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)邏(luo)(luo)輯(ji)(ji)、實踐邏(luo)(luo)輯(ji)(ji)，有力回答(da)了(le)(le)“我們究竟需(xu)要什么樣的(de)現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)？怎樣才(cai)能(neng)實現現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)？”的(de)“現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)問(wen)”，深刻揭(jie)示了(le)(le)中國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)道路是創造(zao)人(ren)類文(wen)明新(xin)形態(tai)的(de)中國(guo)答(da)案、全新(xin)選擇。該(gai)書既為廣大干部正確理(li)解(jie)和(he)大力拓展中國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)事業提供了(le)(le)一本極富(fu)可讀性(xing)的(de)通俗理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)讀物，也為廣大理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)工作者進一步研究世界各國(guo)現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)問(wen)題打(da)開了(le)(le)思想(xiang)之(zhi)門(men)。

　　［作者(zhe)系中央黨校（國家行政學院）經濟學部原副主(zhu)任、教授］