《中(zhong)國共(gong)(gong)(gong)產黨紀律(lv)處分(fen)條例》（以下簡稱《條例》）第(di)二(er)十五條規(gui)定了共(gong)(gong)(gong)同違紀的(de)概念及處分(fen)原則。共(gong)(gong)(gong)同違紀是指兩個或兩個以上黨員共(gong)(gong)(gong)同故意(yi)實(shi)施違紀行為。實(shi)踐中(zhong)，不同身份的(de)主體共(gong)(gong)(gong)同實(shi)施違紀行為的(de)情況具有多樣性，如何區(qu)別情況正確適用(yong)有關規(gui)定予以處理？對(dui)此，筆者結合實(shi)踐中(zhong)常見的(de)情形進行分(fen)析。

　　第(di)一(yi)種(zhong)情形，兩名以上(shang)黨(dang)員(yuan)共同(tong)實施(shi)無身份要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)從(cong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)上(shang)來說(shuo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)兩類，一(yi)類是一(yi)般(ban)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)，即(ji)(ji)黨(dang)員(yuan)；另(ling)一(yi)類是特殊(shu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)，即(ji)(ji)黨(dang)員(yuan)領導干部。《條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)》規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)大部分(fen)(fen)(fen)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)對黨(dang)員(yuan)是否需要(yao)(yao)具(ju)備職(zhi)務身份沒有(you)特殊(shu)要(yao)(yao)求。從(cong)成(cheng)立條(tiao)(tiao)件上(shang)來說(shuo)，共同(tong)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)首先要(yao)(yao)求參(can)與(yu)(yu)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)都具(ju)備黨(dang)員(yuan)身份，一(yi)方(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)黨(dang)員(yuan)，另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)非黨(dang)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)不能(neng)(neng)構成(cheng)共同(tong)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)。其次，參(can)與(yu)(yu)者主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)觀(guan)上(shang)必須有(you)共同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)故意，即(ji)(ji)對違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)均有(you)明確(que)的(de)(de)(de)認識，并(bing)積極追求或(huo)者放任(ren)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)后(hou)果的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生。一(yi)方(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)故意，另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)過失的(de)(de)(de)不能(neng)(neng)認定(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)共同(tong)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)。最后(hou)，共同(tong)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人客觀(guan)上(shang)實施(shi)了《條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)》規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。客觀(guan)上(shang)可能(neng)(neng)表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)共同(tong)實施(shi)同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，也可能(neng)(neng)表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)工合作，各司其職(zhi)，階段性參(can)與(yu)(yu)等(deng)。根據《條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)》第(di)二十五條(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)，這(zhe)種(zhong)共同(tong)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)中(zhong)，按參(can)與(yu)(yu)者在共同(tong)違(wei)紀(ji)(ji)中(zhong)所起的(de)(de)(de)作用大小給予相應的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)紀(ji)(ji)處分(fen)(fen)(fen)。

　　第二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)情形，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)(yu)非領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)主(zhu)體要(yao)(yao)求為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。根據《條(tiao)例》規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)身(shen)(shen)份的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)才能實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)。如(ru)第五(wu)十條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)搞(gao)山頭主(zhu)義、落實(shi)(shi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)中央決策不(bu)力的(de)(de)(de)，第七十四條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)違(wei)(wei)反規(gui)(gui)定(ding)成(cheng)立老鄉(xiang)會(hui)、校友(you)會(hui)、戰友(you)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)，第九(jiu)十六條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)離職(zhi)或(huo)退（離）休后(hou)違(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)兼職(zhi)取酬(chou)的(de)(de)(de)，等(deng)等(deng)。那么，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這種(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)體身(shen)(shen)份有(you)(you)(you)特定(ding)要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中，若(ruo)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)參(can)與(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)非領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能否(fou)構(gou)成(cheng)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)？一種(zhong)(zhong)意(yi)見認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，應(ying)對(dui)參(can)與(yu)(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)分別定(ding)性，因(yin)該(gai)類(lei)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)主(zhu)體上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)明確的(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)份要(yao)(yao)求，只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)參(can)與(yu)(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)都(dou)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)該(gai)類(lei)身(shen)(shen)份時(shi)才可構(gou)成(cheng)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)。第二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)意(yi)見認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，從(cong)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)來看，只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)參(can)與(yu)(yu)方具(ju)(ju)備(bei)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)身(shen)(shen)份，客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，就應(ying)認(ren)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)。筆者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)贊同(tong)(tong)第二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)意(yi)見。首先，從(cong)主(zhu)體上(shang)來說(shuo)，《條(tiao)例》適用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)象為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)全體黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)非領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)都(dou)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)身(shen)(shen)份，主(zhu)體適格。其(qi)(qi)次(ci)，從(cong)主(zhu)觀(guan)(guan)上(shang)來說(shuo)，參(can)與(yu)(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)均有(you)(you)(you)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思聯(lian)絡，有(you)(you)(you)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)觀(guan)(guan)故(gu)意(yi)。再(zai)次(ci)，從(cong)客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)上(shang)來說(shuo)，均實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)了《條(tiao)例》規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，有(you)(you)(you)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，比如(ru)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)授意(yi)、安排，其(qi)(qi)他黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)具(ju)(ju)體行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。最后(hou)，共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)是(shi)一個整體行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，每名(ming)參(can)與(yu)(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)所起的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)雖(sui)然不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，但作用(yong)之間具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)內在(zai)(zai)(zai)聯(lian)系，都(dou)是(shi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)不(bu)可或(huo)缺(que)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成(cheng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分。黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)利用(yong)其(qi)(qi)職(zhi)權、職(zhi)務影響力為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)提供便(bian)利條(tiao)件，其(qi)(qi)他人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)可能表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)具(ju)(ju)體執行(xing)、實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)。

　　第(di)三(san)種(zhong)情(qing)形，黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監(jian)察(cha)(cha)對(dui)(dui)象與(yu)非(fei)(fei)(fei)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監(jian)察(cha)(cha)對(dui)(dui)象共(gong)(gong)同實施違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)。實踐(jian)中，有的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)(bu)具備黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)身份(fen)，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監(jian)察(cha)(cha)對(dui)(dui)象與(yu)非(fei)(fei)(fei)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監(jian)察(cha)(cha)對(dui)(dui)象共(gong)(gong)同實施《條(tiao)例(li)(li)》規(gui)定行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形。如常見的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監(jian)察(cha)(cha)對(dui)(dui)象與(yu)非(fei)(fei)(fei)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監(jian)察(cha)(cha)對(dui)(dui)象共(gong)(gong)同經商辦企業、共(gong)(gong)同侵(qin)占單位財(cai)物(wu)但(dan)未達到刑事(shi)(shi)立(li)案標準等(deng)。非(fei)(fei)(fei)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監(jian)察(cha)(cha)對(dui)(dui)象不(bu)(bu)具有黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)身份(fen)，因此(ci)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)認定共(gong)(gong)同違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)。實踐(jian)中存(cun)在(zai)(zai)兩種(zhong)情(qing)況，一種(zhong)情(qing)況是(shi)(shi)，如果黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)非(fei)(fei)(fei)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)同時構成(cheng)(cheng)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)和(he)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務(wu)違(wei)(wei)法，則黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)非(fei)(fei)(fei)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)能(neng)構成(cheng)(cheng)共(gong)(gong)同違(wei)(wei)法。《條(tiao)例(li)(li)》和(he)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)政(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)處(chu)分法》對(dui)(dui)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)違(wei)(wei)法行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)類別相(xiang)似，違(wei)(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)六(liu)大紀(ji)(ji)律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)與(yu)違(wei)(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)六(liu)項(xiang)要求的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)對(dui)(dui)應關系(xi)，如《條(tiao)例(li)(li)》第(di)八十八條(tiao)和(he)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)政(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)處(chu)分法》第(di)三(san)十四條(tiao)關于收受可(ke)能(neng)影響公(gong)(gong)(gong)正執行(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)禮(li)品禮(li)金等(deng)財(cai)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)。當然，也存(cun)在(zai)(zai)少數紀(ji)(ji)嚴(yan)于法的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，如對(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)按(an)規(gui)定請示、報告重大事(shi)(shi)項(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)，《條(tiao)例(li)(li)》歸類為(wei)違(wei)(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)政(zheng)(zheng)治紀(ji)(ji)律(lv)，《公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)政(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)處(chu)分法》歸類為(wei)違(wei)(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)組織(zhi)要求等(deng)。同時，要將紀(ji)(ji)法協(xie)調貫通(tong)起來，特別是(shi)(shi)根據(ju)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)和(he)違(wei)(wei)法關于根據(ju)所起作用承擔責任的(de)(de)(de)要求，處(chu)理好(hao)黨(dang)紀(ji)(ji)和(he)政(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)處(chu)分平衡的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。另(ling)一種(zhong)情(qing)況是(shi)(shi)，如果黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)非(fei)(fei)(fei)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)構成(cheng)(cheng)違(wei)(wei)紀(ji)(ji)但(dan)不(bu)(bu)構成(cheng)(cheng)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務(wu)違(wei)(wei)法，則不(bu)(bu)應認定非(fei)(fei)(fei)黨(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)構成(cheng)(cheng)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務(wu)違(wei)(wei)法并給(gei)(gei)予政(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)處(chu)分。比(bi)如，違(wei)(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)政(zheng)(zheng)治紀(ji)(ji)律(lv)對(dui)(dui)抗組織(zhi)審查、違(wei)(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)組織(zhi)紀(ji)(ji)律(lv)不(bu)(bu)按(an)規(gui)定報告個人(ren)(ren)有關事(shi)(shi)項(xiang)均不(bu)(bu)構成(cheng)(cheng)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務(wu)違(wei)(wei)法，只是(shi)(shi)作為(wei)給(gei)(gei)予政(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)處(chu)分的(de)(de)(de)從重情(qing)節(jie)。

　　第四種情形，黨員與非黨員非監察對象共同實施違紀行為。該種情形中，因部分參與者不具備黨員身份，不能認定為共同違紀。對其中黨員參與者依據《條例》的有關規定定性量紀，對既不是黨員也不是監察對象的參與者，因無法適用《條例》與《政務處分法》的規定處理，應視情況給予其批評教育、作出檢討、責令具結悔過等，涉及違法犯罪的將線索移交至有關行政機關或司法機關處理。（作者： 鄒瓊 ）