作者(zhe)：王春俠（長春師范大學(xue)外(wai)國(guo)語學(xue)院(yuan)副教(jiao)授）范立彬（長春工(gong)業大學(xue)外(wai)國(guo)語學(xue)院(yuan)副教(jiao)授）

　　翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯科(ke)舉是(shi)清(qing)代獨有的專(zhuan)為旗(qi)人設立(li)的一種科(ke)舉制度(du)。入關之前(qian)，滿洲(zhou)統治(zhi)者就已開始以考試(shi)來選(xuan)拔(ba)人才，入關以后，效仿明(ming)制設立(li)文科(ke)舉，后允(yun)許八旗(qi)子弟參加，并(bing)準識漢(han)字者考試(shi)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯。雍(yong)正(zheng)元年（1723年），隨著滿語騎射的衰落及對(dui)滿漢(han)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯人才的需要，正(zheng)式設立(li)了(le)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯科(ke)舉。雍(yong)正(zheng)乾隆朝是(shi)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯科(ke)舉的初創(chuang)時期(qi)，后經不斷調(diao)整和完(wan)善(shan)，至嘉慶道光時，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯科(ke)舉的各項制度(du)趨于常(chang)規(gui)化(hua)。翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯科(ke)舉是(shi)清(qing)代科(ke)舉制度(du)與民(min)族政(zheng)策相(xiang)結合(he)的產物(wu)，對(dui)清(qing)代政(zheng)治(zhi)、文化(hua)、翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯人才選(xuan)拔(ba)等產生(sheng)了(le)重要影響(xiang)。

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　　翻(fan)譯(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)設立(li)源于(yu)清(qing)初八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)考(kao)。早(zao)在(zai)(zai)關(guan)外，皇太極(ji)為振(zhen)興文(wen)(wen)治(zhi)，于(yu)天(tian)聰(cong)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1629年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）在(zai)(zai)八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)首(shou)次進(jin)行了(le)(le)生員考(kao)試(shi)，取(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)之人(ren)(ren)給(gei)予優(you)獎。天(tian)聰(cong)八(ba)(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1634年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），皇太極(ji)組(zu)織通(tong)滿、蒙(meng)、漢(han)(han)(han)書文(wen)(wen)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)旗(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)進(jin)行考(kao)試(shi)，十(shi)六人(ren)(ren)取(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)，授予舉(ju)(ju)人(ren)(ren)頭銜。此(ci)時的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)試(shi)，還(huan)算不(bu)上(shang)真正意義(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)考(kao)試(shi)，只是對通(tong)滿、蒙(meng)、漢(han)(han)(han)書的(de)(de)(de)八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種測驗與(yu)嘉獎，對取(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)冠(guan)以(yi)(yi)舉(ju)(ju)人(ren)(ren)頭銜而已，并沒有形(xing)成一(yi)種制度，但(dan)以(yi)(yi)翻(fan)譯(yi)作為選拔人(ren)(ren)才的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)已露端倪。與(yu)翻(fan)譯(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)有直接淵(yuan)源的(de)(de)(de)當(dang)屬(shu)順(shun)治(zhi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1651年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）的(de)(de)(de)八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)。清(qing)軍入關(guan)后，為籠(long)絡漢(han)(han)(han)族士(shi)人(ren)(ren)，沿明朝之例(li)(li)設立(li)了(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)，但(dan)因(yin)天(tian)下未定(ding)(ding)，八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)尚須征戰，故(gu)不(bu)與(yu)試(shi)。順(shun)治(zhi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，天(tian)下初定(ding)(ding)，為備循良之選，故(gu)準八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟參(can)加(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)，后命禮部在(zai)(zai)現行科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)規制中(zhong)(zhong)研議八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)之例(li)(li)。因(yin)滿、蒙(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟的(de)(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)能(neng)力不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)與(yu)漢(han)(han)(han)人(ren)(ren)相較(jiao)，故(gu)對其應試(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)做了(le)(le)特殊規定(ding)(ding)：滿、蒙(meng)應試(shi)者(zhe)識漢(han)(han)(han)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)，翻(fan)譯(yi)漢(han)(han)(han)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)文(wen)(wen)，不(bu)識漢(han)(han)(han)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)作清(qing)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)文(wen)(wen)，漢(han)(han)(han)軍則比照漢(han)(han)(han)人(ren)(ren)例(li)(li)。至此(ci)，八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟正式(shi)加(jia)(jia)入科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)考(kao)試(shi)，并出現了(le)(le)翻(fan)譯(yi)這一(yi)形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)試(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)，為雍(yong)正元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)設立(li)翻(fan)譯(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)奠定(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)基(ji)礎。值(zhi)得注意的(de)(de)(de)是，順(shun)治(zhi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟參(can)加(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)考(kao)試(shi)，關(guan)于(yu)翻(fan)譯(yi)的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)試(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)，只是針對識漢(han)(han)(han)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)滿蒙(meng)旗(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)。其考(kao)中(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)歸入文(wen)(wen)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)舉(ju)(ju)人(ren)(ren)、進(jin)士(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)，并非以(yi)(yi)翻(fan)譯(yi)舉(ju)(ju)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)翻(fan)譯(yi)進(jin)士(shi)冠(guan)名。因(yin)此(ci)，順(shun)治(zhi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弟參(can)加(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)仍屬(shu)于(yu)文(wen)(wen)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)范疇，只是根據滿蒙(meng)士(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)是否(fou)識漢(han)(han)(han)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)采取(qu)(qu)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)試(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)，可視為旗(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)專科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)考(kao)試(shi)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種早(zao)期嘗試(shi)。

　　清(qing)(qing)朝(chao)日常行(xing)政辦(ban)(ban)公呈現多種文(wen)(wen)字并行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)特點，清(qing)(qing)初(chu)皇帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)諭旨、官員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)章奏等(deng)往(wang)往(wang)滿(man)、蒙、漢文(wen)(wen)兼用(yong)，因此(ci)，政府部(bu)門需(xu)要大(da)量翻(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)來(lai)從(cong)事與(yu)翻(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)業務相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)工作。清(qing)(qing)朝(chao)入主中原后(hou)，八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)子弟生活在(zai)漢文(wen)(wen)化當(dang)中，滿(man)語逐漸(jian)生疏。雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)元年(nian)命總理(li)事務王(wang)大(da)臣會(hui)同(tong)禮部(bu)酌議考(kao)(kao)取(qu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)滿(man)洲翻(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)生員(yuan)、舉(ju)人(ren)(ren)、進士(shi)(shi)之例(li)(li)。議定(ding)：滿(man)、蒙人(ren)(ren)士(shi)(shi)能翻(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)者，三年(nian)之內考(kao)(kao)取(qu)生員(yuan)兩次，舉(ju)人(ren)(ren)一(yi)次、進士(shi)(shi)一(yi)次。翻(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)試(shi)事宜(yi)及所(suo)用(yong)物件，交(jiao)順天府辦(ban)(ban)理(li)，會(hui)試(shi)事宜(yi)，交(jiao)禮部(bu)辦(ban)(ban)理(li)（《欽定(ding)科(ke)(ke)(ke)場條例(li)(li)》（下(xia)），（清(qing)(qing)）奎潤等(deng)纂修，岳麓書社2020年(nian)，第1120頁）。此(ci)后(hou)，翻(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)會(hui)試(shi)多在(zai)文(wen)(wen)科(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)鄉(xiang)(xiang)會(hui)試(shi)之后(hou)辦(ban)(ban)理(li)，翻(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)設(she)立(li)。如乾隆帝(di)所(suo)云：設(she)立(li)翻(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)，“考(kao)(kao)取(qu)時必取(qu)真才，然后(hou)未得考(kao)(kao)取(qu)之人(ren)(ren)方知奮勉勤學”（《欽定(ding)科(ke)(ke)(ke)場條例(li)(li)》（下(xia)），第1123頁）。有清(qing)(qing)一(yi)代，以(yi)“翻(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)”選拔八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)人(ren)(ren)才的(de)(de)(de)名目很多，只有始于(yu)(yu)雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)元年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)翻(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)，才是和文(wen)(wen)科(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)并行(xing)且(qie)授(shou)予功名的(de)(de)(de)獨立(li)考(kao)(kao)試(shi)，是基于(yu)(yu)順治朝(chao)八(ba)(ba)(ba)旗(qi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)的(de)(de)(de)進一(yi)步專門化，以(yi)后(hou)逐漸(jian)成(cheng)為清(qing)(qing)代正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)、常規性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)試(shi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)目。

　　　　二

　　雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)乾隆(long)(long)朝(chao)(chao)是翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)的(de)建立和發展時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)。雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)設立時(shi)(shi)，只允許(xu)八旗滿(man)(man)洲、蒙古(gu)士子(zi)(zi)參加(jia)，雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1726年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）定翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)考(kao)(kao)(kao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)增添漢(han)軍八旗，因(yin)其(qi)考(kao)(kao)(kao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)容為滿(man)(man)漢(han)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，故稱“滿(man)(man)洲翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)”。雖然(ran)滿(man)(man)洲翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)允許(xu)蒙古(gu)士子(zi)(zi)參加(jia)，但應試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)數(shu)(shu)較(jiao)少(shao)，于(yu)是雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1731年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）為蒙古(gu)子(zi)(zi)弟專設蒙古(gu)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)，考(kao)(kao)(kao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)滿(man)(man)蒙翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，取中者以(yi)備理藩(fan)院用。同時(shi)(shi)規(gui)定：無論(lun)是翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)童試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鄉(xiang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)是會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，應試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)前均(jun)須試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)騎(qi)射(she)，合(he)格者才準考(kao)(kao)(kao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。為防(fang)(fang)舞弊，還(huan)設有(you)同考(kao)(kao)(kao)官及提點監視(shi)官，閱卷時(shi)(shi)，實行(xing)(xing)謄錄制(zhi)。在(zai)取中規(gui)模(mo)上(shang)，雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)朝(chao)(chao)作(zuo)為翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)初創的(de)朝(chao)(chao)代，取中人(ren)數(shu)(shu)卻很少(shao)，鄉(xiang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)每(mei)科(ke)(ke)取中僅十(shi)余名(ming)(ming)，雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1735年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）最多(duo)，但也僅取中三十(shi)四(si)名(ming)(ming)（《欽定科(ke)(ke)場條(tiao)例(li)》（下），第1145頁）。因(yin)鄉(xiang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取中人(ren)數(shu)(shu)較(jiao)少(shao)，雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)朝(chao)(chao)未(wei)(wei)舉(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，待日后滿(man)(man)六(liu)十(shi)人(ren)再行(xing)(xing)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。乾隆(long)(long)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1738年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），經禮部題準：翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)已歷六(liu)科(ke)(ke)，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舉(ju)(ju)人(ren)，約有(you)百余名(ming)(ming)，擬于(yu)乾隆(long)(long)己未(wei)(wei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)八月，舉(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。首科(ke)(ke)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)乾隆(long)(long)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1739年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）舉(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)，二十(shi)二人(ren)取中。自此，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)形成了(le)童、鄉(xiang)、會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三級科(ke)(ke)考(kao)(kao)(kao)體(ti)制(zhi)，但因(yin)此后翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取中人(ren)數(shu)(shu)始終(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)二十(shi)人(ren)以(yi)內(nei)，故有(you)清一(yi)代翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)殿試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)數(shu)(shu)較(jiao)少(shao)始終(zhong)(zhong)沒有(you)舉(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)。乾隆(long)(long)朝(chao)(chao)是翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)應試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和取中人(ren)數(shu)(shu)最高的(de)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)，為防(fang)(fang)多(duo)寡不均(jun)，乾隆(long)(long)時(shi)(shi)始定數(shu)(shu)額，還(huan)對考(kao)(kao)(kao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)資格、防(fang)(fang)弊措施及初仕(shi)之(zhi)路等(deng)做了(le)規(gui)定，進一(yi)步(bu)提升了(le)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)的(de)規(gui)范性。乾隆(long)(long)在(zai)位的(de)六(liu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)里(li)，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)二十(shi)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)未(wei)(wei)舉(ju)(ju)行(xing)(xing)，只保(bao)留了(le)童試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而在(zai)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)恢復之(zhi)后，又將翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)的(de)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改為五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)時(shi)(shi)舉(ju)(ju)時(shi)(shi)停及考(kao)(kao)(kao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)間的(de)變化等(deng)使(shi)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)呈(cheng)現出很大的(de)不穩定性。

　　嘉慶道光兩朝對翻譯(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)做了進(jin)一(yi)步調(diao)整和完善。嘉慶八年(nian)（1803年(nian)），鑒(jian)于(yu)乾(qian)隆末(mo)年(nian)實(shi)施的(de)(de)五年(nian)一(yi)舉(ju)(ju)與三年(nian)一(yi)試(shi)的(de)(de)文(wen)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)不(bu)相協調(diao)的(de)(de)狀況，將翻譯(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)改為三年(nian)一(yi)試(shi)，成為定(ding)制，至(zhi)此，翻譯(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)走(zou)上(shang)了常規化、制度化階(jie)段，三級考試(shi)體系一(yi)直保持到清末(mo)。嘉慶七年(nian)（1802年(nian)），為廣宗室(shi)登進(jin)之(zhi)階(jie)，允許宗室(shi)子弟(di)參(can)加翻譯(yi)科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)，可以不(bu)經過童試(shi)直接(jie)進(jin)入鄉試(shi)，命題和成績(ji)評定(ding)亦(yi)有(you)別(bie)于(yu)平民。由于(yu)只準宗室(shi)子弟(di)參(can)加，故稱“宗室(shi)翻譯(yi)科(ke)(ke)”。宗室(shi)翻譯(yi)科(ke)(ke)在舉(ju)(ju)行幾(ji)科(ke)(ke)之(zhi)后，因應試(shi)人數太少而于(yu)嘉慶二十四年(nian)（1819年(nian)）停止。

　　嘉慶時，駐(zhu)(zhu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)子弟(di)已不用(yong)遠赴(fu)京(jing)城參(can)(can)加(jia)文(wen)科(ke)鄉試(shi)，準予在當地就近(jin)(jin)應(ying)考(kao)，但此(ci)種措(cuo)施并未惠及翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)科(ke)舉(ju)，駐(zhu)(zhu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)子弟(di)參(can)(can)加(jia)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)科(ke)舉(ju)時仍須遠赴(fu)京(jing)城，給其體力、時間(jian)及經濟上帶來(lai)不必要(yao)的(de)(de)負擔。道光二十三年(nian)（1843年(nian)），準駐(zhu)(zhu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)子弟(di)童鄉試(shi)就近(jin)(jin)應(ying)考(kao)，由(you)于在駐(zhu)(zhu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)各地考(kao)試(shi)，故稱“駐(zhu)(zhu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)科(ke)”。為增(zeng)加(jia)應(ying)試(shi)人(ren)數(shu)，還特(te)別(bie)規(gui)定(ding)：駐(zhu)(zhu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)子弟(di)不再應(ying)試(shi)文(wen)科(ke)舉(ju)，只準應(ying)試(shi)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)科(ke)舉(ju)，一定(ding)程度(du)上增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)駐(zhu)(zhu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)科(ke)舉(ju)的(de)(de)應(ying)試(shi)人(ren)數(shu)。針對翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)進士升途(tu)較(jiao)隘(ai)的(de)(de)情況，道光帝(di)制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)(le)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)進士轉入翰詹的(de)(de)九條(tiao)章程，有助于增(zeng)強翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)科(ke)舉(ju)的(de)(de)吸引力。還對翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)科(ke)場(chang)出現的(de)(de)弊端進行了(le)(le)規(gui)避，使其防(fang)(fang)(fang)弊措(cuo)施更加(jia)健全(quan)。但此(ci)時，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)科(ke)舉(ju)取中人(ren)數(shu)更低(di)，鄉試(shi)每(mei)科(ke)取中僅十余人(ren)，比嘉慶時期減少了(le)(le)很多，道光二十年(nian)（1840年(nian)）后，蒙(meng)古翻(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)鄉會試(shi)也因應(ying)試(shi)人(ren)數(shu)較(jiao)少而停止。

　　由于(yu)(yu)道(dao)光帝規定駐防(fang)子弟只能應試翻(fan)譯科(ke)(ke)而不準(zhun)應試文科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)，咸(xian)豐年(nian)間出現了習漢(han)文之八旗子弟無上進之路的(de)(de)(de)問題。咸(xian)豐十一年(nian)（1861年(nian)）取(qu)消各處駐防(fang)專試翻(fan)譯的(de)(de)(de)規定，準(zhun)駐防(fang)子弟于(yu)(yu)翻(fan)譯科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)外(wai)，仍(reng)復考取(qu)文科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)，后駐防(fang)八旗子弟既可就近(jin)考取(qu)文科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)又可考取(qu)翻(fan)譯科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)。道(dao)光之后，翻(fan)譯科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)未(wei)再做(zuo)大的(de)(de)(de)調整，翻(fan)譯科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)雖(sui)持(chi)續舉(ju)行，但應試人數更為減少，至光緒(xu)三十一年(nian)（1905年(nian)）翻(fan)譯科(ke)(ke)舉(ju)制度(du)正式(shi)退出了歷史(shi)舞(wu)臺。

　　　　三

　　翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)同文(wen)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)一(yi)樣，都是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種考(kao)試(shi)(shi)取(qu)士(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)考(kao)試(shi)(shi)與取(qu)士(shi)的(de)(de)設置上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，主要效(xiao)仿文(wen)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，但(dan)(dan)作(zuo)為(wei)專為(wei)旗(qi)人(ren)而設的(de)(de)一(yi)種科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，其(qi)又(you)有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)大(da)不(bu)同。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)考(kao)試(shi)(shi)資格上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)吸引更(geng)多的(de)(de)旗(qi)人(ren)參加，對(dui)應(ying)試(shi)(shi)者限制(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)甚(shen)嚴格，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)考(kao)試(shi)(shi)資格的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)相對(dui)寬(kuan)泛。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)考(kao)試(shi)(shi)程(cheng)式上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)只有(you)(you)(you)童(tong)(tong)(tong)、鄉(xiang)(xiang)、會(hui)試(shi)(shi)三(san)級，而這三(san)級也很(hen)不(bu)穩定(ding)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)試(shi)(shi)題(ti)(ti)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)童(tong)(tong)(tong)試(shi)(shi)、鄉(xiang)(xiang)試(shi)(shi)還是(shi)(shi)會(hui)試(shi)(shi)，題(ti)(ti)型、題(ti)(ti)量及出題(ti)(ti)范圍都較(jiao)為(wei)簡易。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)防弊(bi)措施(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)大(da)體(ti)參照文(wen)場之例，但(dan)(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)具體(ti)設置上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)不(bu)夠(gou)完善，遠不(bu)如文(wen)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)嚴密(mi)(mi)。翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)取(qu)中率要比文(wen)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)高出許多，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)童(tong)(tong)(tong)試(shi)(shi)與鄉(xiang)(xiang)試(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)體(ti)現尤為(wei)明顯(xian)。按理來說，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)應(ying)該具有(you)(you)(you)吸引力，但(dan)(dan)到清代后(hou)期卻(que)出現無(wu)人(ren)應(ying)考(kao)的(de)(de)局面(mian)，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)與旗(qi)人(ren)滿(man)語荒疏、騎射(she)松弛(chi)有(you)(you)(you)關，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)與翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)考(kao)試(shi)(shi)與取(qu)士(shi)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)述設置不(bu)無(wu)關系。翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)考(kao)試(shi)(shi)程(cheng)式多變，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)會(hui)試(shi)(shi)時舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)時停(ting)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)破壞了作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)種科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)考(kao)試(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)穩定(ding)性，考(kao)試(shi)(shi)資格相對(dui)寬(kuan)泛，防弊(bi)措施(shi)(shi)又(you)不(bu)甚(shen)嚴密(mi)(mi)，很(hen)大(da)程(cheng)度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)損(sun)害了其(qi)應(ying)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)嚴肅性。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)取(qu)士(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)固然相對(dui)優(you)越，但(dan)(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)設置上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)亦存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)盡合理之處。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)初(chu)仕(shi)之路上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)員較(jiao)廣(guang)，而翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)人(ren)、進士(shi)的(de)(de)初(chu)仕(shi)之路卻(que)不(bu)如文(wen)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)人(ren)、進士(shi)廣(guang)闊。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)升(sheng)轉上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，對(dui)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)出身(shen)并不(bu)限定(ding)，翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)員與翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)人(ren)、進士(shi)的(de)(de)仕(shi)途升(sheng)轉沒有(you)(you)(you)太(tai)大(da)的(de)(de)區別，即使(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)員亦會(hui)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)個不(bu)錯的(de)(de)仕(shi)途。因此，易使(shi)(shi)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)士(shi)子止步于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)員，不(bu)再向上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)考(kao)取(qu)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)人(ren)、進士(shi)等功名，致(zhi)使(shi)(shi)應(ying)試(shi)(shi)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)譯(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)會(hui)試(shi)(shi)之人(ren)不(bu)斷減(jian)少(shao)。

　　雖然翻譯(yi)(yi)(yi)科舉存在(zai)諸多(duo)不完善之(zhi)(zhi)處，但其設(she)立拓展了旗(qi)人(ren)的(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)身之(zhi)(zhi)階(jie)，為清代政務(wu)運行及(ji)滿、蒙、漢(han)文化交(jiao)流培養了大(da)批(pi)翻譯(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)才(cai)。為旗(qi)人(ren)專設(she)翻譯(yi)(yi)(yi)科舉，另開取士(shi)(shi)途(tu)徑，為其增(zeng)加了一(yi)條仕進(jin)(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)路。如(ru)道光帝所諭(yu)：“我(wo)朝掄才(cai)取士(shi)(shi)，于定立制科之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)，復設(she)翻譯(yi)(yi)(yi)科目(mu)，既(ji)以廣八(ba)(ba)旗(qi)士(shi)(shi)子登(deng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)階(jie)，亦識不忘本業”（《欽定科場條例》（下），第1139頁(ye)）。翻譯(yi)(yi)(yi)科舉設(she)立之(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)，官方(fang)行政公文中還多(duo)是滿漢(han)并行，需要(yao)大(da)量通曉(xiao)翻譯(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)，翻譯(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)才(cai)在(zai)政務(wu)翻譯(yi)(yi)(yi)中發(fa)揮了不可替代的(de)作(zuo)用。在(zai)高層(ceng)官員(yuan)中，翻譯(yi)(yi)(yi)士(shi)(shi)子出(chu)任八(ba)(ba)旗(qi)駐防(fang)都統(tong)和(he)邊疆大(da)臣的(de)居(ju)多(duo)，滿足了處理(li)八(ba)(ba)旗(qi)及(ji)邊疆政務(wu)的(de)要(yao)求，一(yi)定程度上也(ye)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)了民族文化交(jiao)流融(rong)合。

　　《光明(ming)日(ri)報》（ 2022年11月28日(ri) 14版）