整理典志 嘉惠(hui)學(xue)林——讀《經世大典輯校(xiao)》有(you)感

　　《經世大典》

　　《經世大典(dian)輯校》

　　【元】趙世延等 撰

　　周(zhou)少川等 輯校(xiao)

　　中華書局

　　【讀書者說】

　　元朝在(zai)統一且多民(min)族的(de)中國形成和發展(zhan)過程(cheng)中，占有(you)十(shi)分重要的(de)歷(li)史(shi)地(di)位。它是一個民(min)族遷徙(xi)、沖撞(zhuang)，文化(hua)交流、融合的(de)大時代(dai)。歷(li)來治史(shi)者難(nan)，治元史(shi)者更難(nan)，原因(yin)在(zai)于涉及大量的(de)漢文、藏(zang)文、蒙文史(shi)料(liao)，除了常見的(de)一些基本史(shi)料(liao)外(wai)，不(bu)少珍(zhen)貴的(de)元代(dai)文獻未(wei)得到有(you)效的(de)整理和翻譯，給元史(shi)研(yan)究帶來了極大的(de)不(bu)便。

　　《經(jing)世(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)典(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)》是(shi)元(yuan)文宗時，趙世(shi)延、虞集(ji)等“參斟唐宋會(hui)要之(zhi)(zhi)體，薈(hui)萃國朝故實之(zhi)(zhi)文”，仿效(xiao)六典(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)之(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)修纂的(de)元(yuan)代第(di)一(yi)部大(da)(da)(da)(da)型通制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)政書。它分類記載了(le)(le)元(yuan)初至(zhi)文宗朝的(de)帝王(wang)譜系(xi)、詔訓、職官、禮樂、經(jing)濟、軍事、外交、法律(lv)、匠作(zuo)等典(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)章制(zhi)度(du)，總結了(le)(le)元(yuan)朝建立以來典(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)的(de)更替演變，是(shi)元(yuan)代典(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)集(ji)大(da)(da)(da)(da)成者。再(zai)加上，《經(jing)世(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)典(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)》乃當朝人修當朝史(shi)(shi)，史(shi)(shi)料多(duo)來自(zi)官方(fang)原(yuan)始檔案(an)，史(shi)(shi)料可靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)、真實性(xing)(xing)較《元(yuan)史(shi)(shi)》等書為(wei)高。《元(yuan)史(shi)(shi)》各志基本上是(shi)從《經(jing)世(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)典(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)》摘錄編纂而(er)成，《元(yuan)史(shi)(shi)》的(de)一(yi)些傳記也可能出(chu)自(zi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)典(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此，大(da)(da)(da)(da)典(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)考(kao)校元(yuan)代文獻的(de)最基本史(shi)(shi)料，對元(yuan)史(shi)(shi)研(yan)究具(ju)有很高的(de)史(shi)(shi)料價(jia)值。北京(jing)師范大(da)(da)(da)(da)學歷史(shi)(shi)學院周(zhou)少(shao)川教授窮盡20年之(zhi)(zhi)功，廣(guang)搜史(shi)(shi)料、詳加考(kao)據，與合作(zuo)者一(yi)起整理而(er)成的(de)《經(jing)世(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)典(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輯校》，實為(wei)元(yuan)史(shi)(shi)研(yan)究的(de)又一(yi)新貢(gong)獻。

　　首先，《經(jing)世(shi)大(da)典輯(ji)校》對深入研究(jiu)(jiu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)政(zheng)治史(shi)具有重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)料價值和學理(li)(li)意義。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)政(zheng)治史(shi)研究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)核心問題(ti)就是(shi)(shi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)統治的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)、重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治事(shi)件、重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治人(ren)物。《經(jing)世(shi)大(da)典輯(ji)校》在(zai)這幾個(ge)方面提供了很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)料支(zhi)撐(cheng)。如其君事(shi)四典（帝(di)(di)(di)號(hao)、帝(di)(di)(di)訓、帝(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)、帝(di)(di)(di)系）以(yi)正(zheng)統為核心，用清晰的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈絡，較好呈現(xian)了元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)統治合(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)統治的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)表現(xian)在(zai)兩個(ge)方面：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)繼承漢魏(wei)、唐宋(song)(song)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)合(he)理(li)(li)；二是(shi)(shi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)宗(zong)繼位是(shi)(shi)否(fou)合(he)理(li)(li)。盛世(shi)修典是(shi)(shi)為了彰顯元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天命(ming)與繁盛，編纂者(zhe)大(da)談(tan)“于皇有元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，應天順人(ren)”“纂成天緒(xu)”等思(si)想，認為元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)亡宋(song)(song)滅(mie)金是(shi)(shi)天命(ming)所歸，人(ren)心所向；同(tong)時又貶低漢魏(wei)唐宋(song)(song)，贊揚元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)治武(wu)功(gong)，肯定元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)統治的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)、繁盛性(xing)。另(ling)一(yi)方面，編纂者(zhe)在(zai)帝(di)(di)(di)號(hao)、帝(di)(di)(di)訓、帝(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)、帝(di)(di)(di)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)排序中，將元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)帝(di)(di)(di)王史(shi)以(yi)文(wen)獻形式(shi)作較完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)呈現(xian)，表現(xian)對元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)帝(di)(di)(di)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)統認知。其中，將文(wen)宗(zong)帝(di)(di)(di)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承合(he)法化，乃《經(jing)世(shi)大(da)典》編纂的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)原因。在(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)政(zheng)治事(shi)件和人(ren)物研究(jiu)(jiu)上，蒙古(gu)帝(di)(di)(di)國、世(shi)祖(zu)至文(wen)宗(zong)諸朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸多重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)政(zheng)治事(shi)件在(zai)《經(jing)世(shi)大(da)典》中也(ye)都有不(bu)同(tong)程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)記載。

　　其次，《經世(shi)大典(dian)(dian)輯校》是研究元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)制(zhi)(zhi)度史的(de)(de)史料寶庫。臣事六典(dian)(dian)（治典(dian)(dian)、賦典(dian)(dian)、禮(li)典(dian)(dian)、政(zheng)典(dian)(dian)、憲典(dian)(dian)、工典(dian)(dian)）為(wei)(wei)(wei)全書之(zhi)重，以(yi)時間(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)序，記載了從中央到地(di)方的(de)(de)官制(zhi)(zhi)、經濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度、禮(li)制(zhi)(zhi)、軍制(zhi)(zhi)、匠(jiang)作(zuo)制(zhi)(zhi)等，對元(yuan)朝百年(nian)的(de)(de)典(dian)(dian)章制(zhi)(zhi)度進行全面的(de)(de)概括和總(zong)結，是研究元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)制(zhi)(zhi)度史最(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)系統、最(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)完備的(de)(de)史料寶庫。

　　現存大典序錄的《治(zhi)典·官制》述及(ji)元(yuan)代中(zhong)書省(sheng)、樞密院、御(yu)史臺等11個中(zhong)央機(ji)(ji)構的名稱，以及(ji)行(xing)省(sheng)、行(xing)樞密院等6個地(di)方機(ji)(ji)構的名稱。諸如元(yuan)代官員俸(feng)祿(lu)、升遷(qian)、換屆、養廉分例(li)等具體記載在大典中(zhong)皆(jie)有反映，可(ke)以說是研(yan)究元(yuan)代官制的重要史料。

　　又如《治典(dian)(dian)(dian)·官制(zhi)(zhi)》《賦(fu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)·職制(zhi)(zhi)》《賦(fu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)·倉(cang)庫》等(deng)有較多關于元(yuan)代府倉(cang)、常平(ping)倉(cang)等(deng)的(de)記載，是研究元(yuan)代倉(cang)庫的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)史(shi)料。《政典(dian)(dian)(dian)·征伐》《禮典(dian)(dian)(dian)·朝貢(gong)》等(deng)還有元(yuan)代與日本(ben)(ben)、高(gao)麗、安南(nan)等(deng)國家外交(jiao)、經濟制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)史(shi)料，《元(yuan)史(shi)·外夷傳》中記載多采擇自此。輯校本(ben)(ben)針對(dui)原有史(shi)料，在(zai)《通(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)格》《憲(xian)臺通(tong)紀》《南(nan)臺備要(yao)》《秘書監志》《元(yuan)典(dian)(dian)(dian)章(zhang)》《元(yuan)史(shi)》，以及晚近發(fa)現(xian)的(de)黑水(shui)城文書和(he)《至正條(tiao)格》等(deng)所載同源史(shi)料基礎上，嚴(yan)謹考據，仔(zi)細(xi)排(pai)比，對(dui)臣事(shi)六(liu)典(dian)(dian)(dian)進行了系(xi)統性梳理，為(wei)研究元(yuan)代制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)史(shi)提供(gong)了重(zhong)要(yao)資料。

　　其三，《經世大(da)典輯校》是元代中外(wai)關系史研究的(de)重要文獻和見證。

　　元(yuan)代(dai)疆域遼闊，文化(hua)多(duo)樣，兼容(rong)并(bing)包，是(shi)中國歷史上中外(wai)(wai)關系(xi)交(jiao)流的(de)(de)繁盛時期(qi)。在(zai)“四海為家”“通問結好”“薄海內外(wai)(wai)親如一家”思想的(de)(de)指(zhi)導下(xia)，元(yuan)代(dai)對日本、高麗、安南、緬甸等國家派遣使節，開展一系(xi)列積極的(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)交(jiao)活動(dong)(dong)。這些(xie)重要外(wai)(wai)交(jiao)活動(dong)(dong)在(zai)《經世(shi)(shi)大典(dian)(dian)》中多(duo)有記載。如《經世(shi)(shi)大典(dian)(dian)·政(zheng)典(dian)(dian)·征伐》記載，元(yuan)軍曾推動(dong)(dong)了高麗農業生產技術(shu)的(de)(de)提高。此(ci)外(wai)(wai)，元(yuan)朝還曾將先進的(de)(de)《授(shou)時歷》頒(ban)發給高麗、安南等國。在(zai)貿易往來上，元(yuan)朝實行積極的(de)(de)對外(wai)(wai)開放政(zheng)策，開放泉(quan)州(zhou)、上海、溫州(zhou)、慶元(yuan)、廣東、杭(hang)州(zhou)臨海諸郡，與番國往復互易舶貨。這些(xie)重要的(de)(de)中外(wai)(wai)關系(xi)史料在(zai)《經世(shi)(shi)大典(dian)(dian)》中都有記載。

　　其四(si)，《經(jing)世大典輯校》是研(yan)究元代文(wen)化(hua)思想史的重要文(wen)獻。

　　《經(jing)世大(da)(da)(da)(da)典》是元代“大(da)(da)(da)(da)一(yi)(yi)(yi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”思(si)想(xiang)呈(cheng)現的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)佳載體。元朝的(de)(de)(de)建立，顛覆了漢(han)民(min)族一(yi)(yi)(yi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)天(tian)(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)面，傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)“夷夏(xia)”思(si)想(xiang)受(shou)到了挑(tiao)戰(zhan)。如何闡述(shu)蒙(meng)古入主中原，鞏固傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)一(yi)(yi)(yi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”思(si)想(xiang)是元代十(shi)分現實而重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)課題。《經(jing)世大(da)(da)(da)(da)典》在一(yi)(yi)(yi)定程(cheng)度上反映了元代官方對(dui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)一(yi)(yi)(yi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)思(si)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)解讀。即元朝由于國(guo)家(jia)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，經(jing)濟(ji)得以發展，人口繁(fan)衍日盛(sheng)，上視漢(han)唐極盛(sheng)之(zhi)數。元朝文治(zhi)武(wu)功遠超前代，統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)者(zhe)認為(wei)有資格號(hao)令天(tian)(tian)下，一(yi)(yi)(yi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)江山，其核心思(si)想(xiang)就(jiu)是宣揚和主張(zhang)有德(de)者(zhe)有天(tian)(tian)下，得民(min)心者(zhe)得天(tian)(tian)下，反對(dui)以是否是漢(han)民(min)族一(yi)(yi)(yi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)天(tian)(tian)下來評(ping)判政權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)合法性，這無疑是對(dui)中國(guo)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)一(yi)(yi)(yi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)思(si)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)新的(de)(de)(de)闡述(shu)和解讀。

　　《經(jing)(jing)世(shi)大(da)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》是(shi)(shi)元代經(jing)(jing)世(shi)致(zhi)用(yong)史(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集中體(ti)現。唐代杜(du)佑《通(tong)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》專(zhuan)敘歷代典(dian)(dian)(dian)章(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沿(yan)革(ge)變遷，是(shi)(shi)中國歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)上第一(yi)部體(ti)例(li)完備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)書(shu)。他開(kai)創的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)史(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)史(shi)(shi)(shi)編撰備(bei)受后(hou)人好評和關(guan)注(zhu)。此后(hou)鄭(zheng)樵《通(tong)志》、馬端(duan)臨《文(wen)獻通(tong)考》又(you)將(jiang)杜(du)佑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)(zhi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)繼(ji)續連接。典(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)史(shi)(shi)(shi)書(shu)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)了(le)國家制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)建設、疆域、邊防、兵制(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)及(ji)和民生日用(yong)密切相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農桑、田賦、水利、鹽茶等等，因此是(shi)(shi)最(zui)關(guan)乎致(zhi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)(shi)書(shu)體(ti)裁。蒙古政(zheng)權(quan)在入主中原(yuan)、建立元朝(chao)之后(hou)，吸(xi)收了(le)中原(yuan)漢文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步(bu)內涵，在國家制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)和法規建設上不斷(duan)發展(zhan)豐富。《經(jing)(jing)世(shi)大(da)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》要將(jiang)元朝(chao)已有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)建設以(yi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)書(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式總結下來，以(yi)為(wei)當(dang)世(shi)所用(yong)或為(wei)后(hou)世(shi)參(can)考。因此，《經(jing)(jing)世(shi)大(da)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》是(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)世(shi)致(zhi)用(yong)思(si)想在元代史(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)佳(jia)注(zhu)解。《經(jing)(jing)世(shi)大(da)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》史(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)多來自政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始檔案，可靠程度(du)(du)高(gao)，又(you)貫通(tong)了(le)自杜(du)佑、鄭(zheng)樵、馬端(duan)臨之后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)(dian)(dian)章(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)，將(jiang)典(dian)(dian)(dian)章(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)史(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編纂在元代史(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)發揮(hui)到一(yi)個新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)(du)。

　　最后(hou)，《經世大(da)典(dian)輯(ji)(ji)校》是元代文獻整理的一個典(dian)范。自元代蘇天(tian)爵《元文類》和明代《永樂(le)大(da)典(dian)》，就(jiu)已有(you)對(dui)《經世大(da)典(dian)》的抄錄；大(da)典(dian)亡(wang)佚后(hou)，清代又有(you)一些學者(zhe)進行了部分輯(ji)(ji)佚。這些輯(ji)(ji)錄、輯(ji)(ji)佚成果為(wei)《經世大(da)典(dian)》全本的輯(ji)(ji)佚準備(bei)了充分的條件，然而也留下不少(shao)值得(de)考證和糾(jiu)謬補缺(que)的空間。

　　在前(qian)人的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，《經世(shi)大典(dian)輯(ji)校》通(tong)(tong)過廣(guang)稽(ji)博考(kao)元明清的(de)(de)各種文(wen)獻，基(ji)本上收齊了現存的(de)(de)大典(dian)佚文(wen)，為學界(jie)提(ti)供了較為全(quan)面、可以(yi)依信的(de)(de)大典(dian)輯(ji)本。在此基(ji)礎上，編(bian)(bian)者(zhe)對佚文(wen)進行細致考(kao)察，確定輯(ji)錄次序(xu)和取舍(she)標準，從史(shi)源學角(jiao)度保證了輯(ji)本內容的(de)(de)真實性。此外，通(tong)(tong)過恢復大典(dian)的(de)(de)類目(mu)(mu)框架體系，并將佚文(wen)準確地編(bian)(bian)排歸位，盡可能(neng)地接近大典(dian)的(de)(de)原貌，以(yi)達到輯(ji)佚的(de)(de)真正目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)。更可貴的(de)(de)是(shi)，編(bian)(bian)者(zhe)通(tong)(tong)過認真的(de)(de)標點分段，疏通(tong)(tong)了大典(dian)晦澀難(nan)懂(dong)的(de)(de)元代(dai)白話文(wen)和吏牘體文(wen)句，給學者(zhe)研究和大眾閱讀提(ti)供了方便，是(shi)為最佳，可謂是(shi)元代(dai)文(wen)獻整理(li)的(de)(de)又一個典(dian)范。

　　總的來說，《經(jing)世大典輯校(xiao)》是研究(jiu)元(yuan)代政治史(shi)、制度史(shi)、中(zhong)外關(guan)系史(shi)和文(wen)化思想史(shi)的一個新(xin)(xin)的重要史(shi)料寶庫，它的問世足以填補元(yuan)代史(shi)籍整理(li)的一項(xiang)空白，嘉惠學林(lin)，更(geng)能(neng)為新(xin)(xin)時期的傳統文(wen)化研究(jiu)增(zeng)光添彩。

　　（作者：曹剛華，系中(zhong)國人(ren)民(min)大學歷史(shi)學院教授、博士生導師(shi)）